After the prison in Amsterdam, Peter van Pels was taken to the Westerbork transit camp with the others from the Secret Annex. According to a fellow prisoner, Peter and Anne were often together.

On Tuesday 8 August 1944 , Anne Frank, along with her parents, sister and the other people in hiding, were put on a transport from the Detention Centre on Weteringschans in Amsterdam to the Westerbork transit camp. The prisoners left under police guard by tram to Central Station.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

Anne Frank was number seventeen on the &#39;S&#39; list -Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>&nbsp;This was a so-called&nbsp;straftransport&nbsp;(punishment transport) - as arrested Jews who had been in hiding, the eight people from the Secret Annex were&nbsp;punishment (&#39;S&#39;) cases.

They went to Westerbork in a normal train. On either side were compartments that were locked, and there was surveillance.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a> Otto Frank wrote that during the train ride he was mainly worried about Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, who had also been arrested. Other than that, the mood was relatively good.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> Even the weather was&nbsp;nice that day. The sun was shining and a breeze was blowing from the northwest; it was about 19&deg;C.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> Otto wrote:

<blockquote>&quot;We were together again and had got some food for the journey. We knew where we were going, but still it was like we were travelling together one more time,&nbsp;and actually we were excited [...], at least if I compare this trip to our next one.&quot;<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-2" rel="footnote">[4]</a></blockquote>

The journey from Amsterdam to Westerbork took five to six hours.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> The route ran from Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle and Meppel to Hooghalen, from where the train entered Camp Westerbork via a branch line.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="kok16" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945,&nbsp;Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer &amp; Guus Luijters, Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald, Amsterdam: balans, 2004, p. 117-138.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="eyf9w" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944.&nbsp;Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944:&nbsp;NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="7yzmr" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="b8897" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-4-2">b</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, &lsquo;Bitte schreiben Sie&rsquo;.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="dpg88" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Weerverleden.nl:&nbsp;<a href="https://weerverleden.nl/19440808" target="_blank">Het weer van dinsdag 8 augustus 1944</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zsmj3" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga&hellip; Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,&nbsp;Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p.&nbsp;133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, Dagboek Jacob Swart, p.&nbsp;23.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="w4uyj" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto&rsquo;s klaar.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Op dinsdag 8 augustus 1944 ging Anne Frank samen met haar ouders, zus&nbsp;en de andere onderduikers vanuit het Huis van Bewaring aan de Weteringschans in Amsterdam op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork.&nbsp;De gevangenen vertrokken onder politiebewaking met de tram naar het Centraal Station.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

Anne Frank was nummer zeventien op de lijst&nbsp;&quot;S&quot;-Transport aus Amsterdam vom 8.8.1944 nach lager Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>&nbsp;Het&nbsp;ging hier om een zogeheten&nbsp;straftransport. Als opgepakte ondergedoken Joden waren de acht onderduikers namelijk&nbsp;zogenaamde strafgevallen (&#39;S&#39;).

De onderduikers&nbsp;gingen in een normale trein naar Westerbork. Aan weerszijden waren coup&eacute;s die werden afgesloten, en er was bewaking aanwezig.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>&nbsp;Otto Frank schreef&nbsp;dat hij zich tijdens de treinrit vooral zorgen maakte over Victor Kugler en Johannes Kleiman, die immers ook waren opgepakt. Verder was de stemming relatief goed.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;Het weer was zelfs mooi die dag. De zon scheen en een zwakke wind waaide vanuit het noordwesten, het was ongeveer negentien graden.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> Otto schreef:

<blockquote>
&lsquo;We waren weer samen en hadden wat eten voor onderweg gekregen. We wisten waar we heengingen, maar toch was het alsof we nog eenmaal samen op reis waren, en eigenlijk waren we opgewekt [&hellip;], tenminste als ik deze reis vergelijk met onze volgende.&rsquo;<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-2" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;
</blockquote>

De reis van Amsterdam naar Westerbork duurde vijf tot zes uur.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>&nbsp;Het traject liep van Amsterdam Centraal via Hilversum, Amersfoort, Zwolle en Meppel naar Hooghalen, vanwaar de trein via een aftakking kamp Westerbork binnenreed.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="8cb3l" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies (NIOD), Dossier Joden - deportatie (toegang 249-0361B), inv. nr. 9: verzamelnota Gemeentetram (Gemeente Vervoer Bedrijf), 4 september 1944. Zie ook: Eva Schloss, Herinneringen van een Joods meisje. 1938-1945,&nbsp;Breda: De Geus, 2005, p. 58; Willy Lindwer &amp; Guus Luijters, Verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald, Amsterdam: Balans, 2024, p. 117-138.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lwgqr" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Collectie Westerbork en de reconstructie van de lotgevallen na WOII, 1939-2007, inv. nr. 192: transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944.&nbsp;Dezelfde dag komt er ook een transport uit Breda aan. Op de gecombineerde lijst van deze twee transporten heeft Anne Frank nummer 23. Volgens de getuigenis van Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper is het vertrek vanaf het Centraal Station. Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper komt echter niet op de transportlijst van 8 augustus 1944 voor, maar is volgens de kampadministratie in Westerbork gearriveerd op 20 juli 1944:&nbsp;NRK, dossier 190.262, Rebling-Brilleslijper, Rebecca.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="7yzmr" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, Duitsland, collectie Schnabel, uitgetypte notities, 147. Ook eerdere en latere transporten vinden plaats met een gewone personentrein. HCKW: Interviews Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam en Frieda Menco-Brommet; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Eva Schloss-Geiringer, 12 en 13 november 2008.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="b8897" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-4-2">b</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_70, Otto Frank, &lsquo;Bitte schreiben Sie&rsquo;.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="g76w6" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Weerverleden.nl:&nbsp;<a href="https://weerverleden.nl/19440808" target="_blank">Het weer van dinsdag 8 augustus 1944</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zsmj3" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga&hellip; Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,&nbsp;Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p. 112-113; Mirjam Bolle, Ik zal je beschrijven hoe een dag er hier uitziet. Dagboekbrieven uit Amsterdam, Westerbork en Bergen-Belsen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Centrum vor Holocaust- en Genocide Studies, 2003, p.&nbsp;133-135. Een dienstregeling van 4 juni 1943 toont dat de trein er bij een gemiddelde snelheid van 60 km per uur ruim vier uur over deed om van Amsterdam naar kamp Westerbork te komen. Dienstregeling nv Nederlandsche Spoorwegen, Utrecht, 4 juni 1943; HCKW, Dagboek Jacob Swart, p.&nbsp;23.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="w4uyj" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Zie ook: David Barnouw, Dirk Mulder, Guus Veenendaal, De Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Rijden voor vaderland en vijdand: Spoorwegstaking, Jodenstransporten, herinnering, Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2019, p. 62-75. Ook vanuit Amsterdam Muiderpoort en Amstel reden er treinen naar Westerbork. Mail Jos Zijlstra (conservator Spoorwegmuseum in Utrecht) aan Erika Prins, 26 oktober 2015. Volgens Zijlstra is het traject sinds november 1942 voor grotere transporten altijd hetzelfde gebleven. In het geval van kleinere transporten ging de trein naar Assen en moest er worden gelopen naar het kamp of stonden er een of meer vrachtauto&rsquo;s klaar.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

After liberation, most survivors returned via Amsterdam Central Station. There was a special repatriation centre for registration, medical control and political control at the station.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="r6oi9" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie verder:&nbsp;Bianca Stigter, Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Na de bevrijding keerden de meeste overlevers terug via Station Amsterdam Centraal. Hier was een speciaal repatri&euml;ringscentrum voor registratie, medische controle en politieke controle.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="06r4i" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie verder:&nbsp;Bianca Stigter, Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019, p. 103.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

She made the trip accompanied by Dutch film producer Hans Boekman, brother of the Amsterdam alderman.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> The film was a Dutch parallel production to the French version L&#39;homme sans coeur. The main roles were played by Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer and Elias van Praag, among others.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> Several newspapers paid attention to the departure on their photo pages.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ohea2" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>&quot;Jeugdige filmsterren&quot;,&nbsp;De Avondpost, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="q9ma0" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>IMDb:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt" target="_blank">De man zonder hart</a> (geraadpleegd 21 maart 2022).</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Ze maakte de reis onder begeleiding van de Nederlandse filmproducent Hans Boekman, broer van de Amsterdamse wethouder.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> De film was een Nederlandse parallelproductie bij het maken van de Franse versie L&#39;homme sans coeur. De belangrijkere rollen werden onder meer vertolkt door Lily Bouwmeester, Ank van der Moer en Elias van Praag.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> Verschillende kranten besteedden aandacht aan het vertrek op hun fotopagina.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ohea2" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>&quot;Jeugdige filmsterren&quot;,&nbsp;De Avondpost, 4 september 1936 (fotopagina).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="q9ma0" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>IMDb:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288615/?ref_=ttmc_mc_tt" target="_blank">De man zonder hart</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Evelina Werthauer goes to France

In early September 1936, Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer went to France to play a small role in the film  'De man zonder hart' (The Man Without a Heart).

Begin september 1936 ging Evelina 'Evelyne' Werthauer naar Frankrijk om een klein rolletje te spelen in de film 'De man zonder hart'.

Deportation to Westerbork

On Tuesday 8 August 1944, the eight people in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp.

Op dinsdag 8 augustus 1944 gingen de acht onderduikers op transport naar het doorgangskamp Westerbork.

Amsterdam Central Station

World War II took the lives of approximately 110,000 Amsterdam residents. Of the sizeable Jewish community, the majority, about 75,000 Jews, did not survive the German occupation.&nbsp;Anne Frank went into hiding in the city and wrote her world-famous diary there. The Hunger Winter also took a heavy toll on the city, as it did throughout the Western Netherlands.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="z5cd0" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie verder: Friso Roest &amp; Jos Scheren, Oorlog in de stad: Amsterdam 1939-1941, Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 1998; Barbara Beuys, Leven met de vijand: Amsterdam onder Duitse bezetting 1940-1945, Amsterdam: Cossee, 2013; Ren&eacute; Kok &amp; Erik Somers, Stad in oorlog: Amsterdam 1940-1945 in foto&#39;s, Zwolle : WBooks, 2017; Bianca Stigter, Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019; Willy Lindwer &amp; Guus Luijters. De verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald, Amsterdam: Balans, 2023; Jeroen Kemperman, Een kwestie van uitvoering: de gemeente Amsterdam onder Duitse bezetting, Amsterdam: Querido, 2025.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

De Tweede Wereldoorlog kostte aan ongeveer 110.000 Amsterdammers het leven. Van de omvangrijke Joodse gemeenschap overleefde het merendeel, ongeveer 75.000 Joden, de Duitse bezetting&nbsp;niet.&nbsp;Anne Frank dook in de stad onder en schreef er haar wereldberoemde dagboek. Ook de Hongerwinter eiste, zoals in heel West-Nederland, een hoge tol in de stad.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="awpps" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie verder: Friso Roest &amp; Jos Scheren, Oorlog in de stad: Amsterdam 1939-1941, Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 1998; Barbara Beuys, Leven met de vijand: Amsterdam onder Duitse bezetting 1940-1945, Amsterdam: Cossee, 2013; Ren&eacute; Kok &amp; Erik Somers, Stad in oorlog: Amsterdam 1940-1945 in foto&#39;s, Zwolle : WBooks, 2017; Bianca Stigter, Atlas van een bezette stad: Amsterdam 1940-1945, Amsterdam: Atlas Contact, 2019; Willy Lindwer &amp; Guus Luijters. De verdwenen stad: hoe de Joodse bevolking met de tram uit Amsterdam werd gehaald, Amsterdam: Balans, 2023; Jeroen Kemperman, Een kwestie van uitvoering: de gemeente Amsterdam onder Duitse bezetting, Amsterdam: Querido, 2025.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.

Amsterdam Central Station was one of the train stations in Amsterdam from which Dutch Jews were deported to Westerbork.

Station Amsterdam Centraal was een van de treinstations in Amsterdam van waaruit Nederlandse Joden werden gedeporteerd naar Westerbork.

De verzamelrekening vermeldt ook het vervoer naar het CS op 8 augustus 1944.

NIOD 249 0361B-9

Verzamelrekening Gemeentetram, 4 september 1944.

Annelies Marie (Anne) Frank was born on 12 June 1929, in the Germany city Frankfurt am Main.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> Anne was the second child of Otto Frank and Edith Holl&auml;nder and was preceded by Margot. Like her sister Margot, Anne was born in the clinic of the Vaterl&auml;ndische Frauenverein.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8&frac14; pounds.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a> A clinic register indicates that &#39;Saugling&#39; Frank was a &#39;Junge&#39; (boy) and that Anne remained at the clinic with Edith for twelve days after the birth.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;According to maid K&auml;thi Stilgenbauer, the obstetrician was Professor Traugott.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

After her parents&#39; decision to leave Germany, Anne initially lived with her mother and Margot with her grandmother in Aachen. Margot moved permanently to Amsterdam in December 1933; Anne had to wait until February 1934. From April 1934 to July 1935 she went to the kindergarten class at the 6th Montessori school. In August 1935 Anne went to the first grade of said school. After the sixth grade she was supposed to stay at the school for a seventh year, but due to educational segregation this was not possible. She was accepted at the Jewish Lyceum, and so went to secondary school after all. Anne described her classmates and various incidents at the Jewish Lyceum in her diary and Verhaaltjesboek (Book of tales). Anne&#39;s health was not very good. She was often ill and couldn&#39;t take part in gymnastics because her arms and legs dislocated easily. This also affected her when she wanted to do gymnastics in the Secret Annex.

Anne was the only person who documented the hiding period in the Secret Annex extensively. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have added to and corrected this information. This means that everything we know about the hiding period is highly coloured by Anne&#39;s perception. Margot also kept a diary, but it has not survived.

After the arrest on 4 August 1944, Anne ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. For the first eight weeks Anne was with her mother and Margot. In late October or early November the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Like Margot, Anne contracted typhus and died in February 1945, shortly after her sister, at the age of 15.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;Addresses: Frankfurt am Main:&nbsp;Marbachweg 307,&nbsp;Ganghoferstrasse 24 (March 1931),&nbsp;Dantestra&szlig;e 4 (March 1933); Aachen: Monheimsallee 42-44 (September 1933); Amsterdam: Merwedeplein 37-II (February 1934).<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-2" rel="footnote">[7]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="wvqif" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Standesamt Frankfurt am Main, Geboorteakte nr. 484, 17 juni 1929.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3k121" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Is is now called Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 the &#39;Vaterl&auml;ndische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz&#39; opened the Maingau-Krankenhaus here. See: <a href="https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/geschichte.html (geraadpleegd december 2015)" target="_blank">Geschichte Frankfurter Rot-Kreiuz Kliniken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="v9ruq" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_AFrank_III_027: Fotoalbum met foto&#39;s gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3d436" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Research Von Wolzogen voor:&nbsp;J&uuml;rgen Steen, Wolf von Wolzogen,&nbsp;Anne aus Frankfurt. Leben und Lebenswelt Anne Franks,&nbsp;Frankfurt am Main:&nbsp;Historisches Museum, 1990, Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, 2.4.1./1. Volgens de notatie van Von Wolzogen komt dit uit het &#39;Soc.Druck.-Archiv&#39;. Volgens H.P. Dieterich van &#39;Societ&auml;ts Verlag&#39; is alle archief in WO2 verwoest (email 17 november 2009). Hij verwijst naar het archief van de kliniek, maar daarvoor geldt hetzelfde.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zicjx" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Ernst Schnabel, Anne Frank. Spur eines Kindes, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer,&nbsp; 1958, p. 15. Dit moet ongetwijfeld zijn professor Traugott, gynaecoloog en verloskundige, die ook bij de geboorte van Margot was. Von Wolzogen noemt ook Traugott (zie noot 4).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="gvqo8" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Mirjam Pressler, The story of Anne Frank, London: MacMillan Children&#39;s Books, 1999; Carol Ann Lee, Roses from the earth: the biography of Anne Frank, London : Viking, 1999; Francine Prose, Anne Frank: the book, the life, the afterlife, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009; Hans Ulrich, Who was Anne Frank? Her life, the Annex and her death: a short biography, Laren: Verbum, 2010; Melissa M&uuml;ller, Anne Frank: the biography,&nbsp;upd. and exp. ed., London: Bloomsbury, 2013; Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015; David Barnouw, <a href="https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Frank" target="_blank">Frank, Annelies Marie</a>, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland, 2018.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="so5x0" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-7-2">b</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/98533420-cd28-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Annelies Marie Frank</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Pasfoto in zwart wit van Anne Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1942, foto op p.55 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.
Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1942'.

A_AFrank_III_027.098

Anne Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1942

Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became world-famous thanks to the diary she wrote during the Second World War, while she was in hiding in the Achterhuis (the Annex) on Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.

Anne Frank was een Joods meisje dat wereldberoemd is geworden door het dagboek dat ze schreef tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, toen ze ondergedoken zat in het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.

Anne Frank

Auguste&nbsp;R&ouml;ttgen was born on 29th of&nbsp;September 1900 in Buer, Germany.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> She was the daughter of Leo R&ouml;ttgen and Rosa R&ouml;ttgen-Rosenau.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>&nbsp;Auguste had four sisters:&nbsp;Else, Gertrude, Margaretha and&nbsp;Lotte. After the war her&nbsp;sister Margaretha declared that Auguste had studied economics in Cologne and&nbsp;successfully completed this&nbsp;course. According to Cologne university archives, she was deregistered after one semester.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

On 5 December 1925, Auguste R&ouml;ttgen married Hermann van Pels in her hometown of Elberfeld. She automatically received Dutch nationality. On 8 November 1926, her son Peter was born. He remained an only child. In 1937, Auguste and her family came to the Netherlands. After several moves, they ended up in a spacious four-room house on Zuider Amstellaan, furnished with furniture brought from Germany. On 30 October 1942, after they had been in hiding for a few months, the house was cleared out.

In July 1942, Auguste van Pels also went into hiding in the Secret Annex on Prinsengracht. What we know about her from this period comes from Anne&#39;s diary, with some corrections and additions from Otto Frank and Miep Gies.

After the arrest on 4 August 1944, Auguste van Pels ended up in Auschwitz via Westerbork. She was later shipped on to Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Somewhere along the way to Theresienstadt she died. She was 44 years old when she died.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>&nbsp;Addresses:&nbsp;Wuppertal-Elberfeld: Vereinstra&szlig;e 14;<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-2" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;Osnabr&uuml;ck: Martinistrasse 67a;<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>&nbsp;Amsterdam: Stadionweg 277-III (July 1937), Biesboschstraat 59hs (May 1938), Zuider Amstellaan 34-II (May 1940).<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-2" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="v8sz4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-1-2">b</a> <cite>Standesamt Elberfeld (Wuppertal), Huwelijksafkondigingregister nr. 1767, Aktenummer 1374; Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_vPels_I_002): Afschrift (d.d. 14 februari 1996) van trouwakte Hermann van Pels en Auguste R&ouml;ttgen d.d. 5 december 1925.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="l7yse" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaarten Leo R&ouml;ttgen en Rosa R&ouml;ttgen-Rosenau.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="df11a" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Details over Auguste R&ouml;ttgens loopbaan in Landesarchiv NRW &ndash; Standort Hannover, Nds 110 W Akz 105/93 Nr. 959. Rechtsanw&auml;ltin Elisabeth Sp&auml;th aan de Regierungspr&auml;sident Hannover, 7 april 1960. Zie ook: Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Colllectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_079: Rechtsanwaltin Elisabeth Sp&auml;th aan Otto Frank, 27 februari 1961;&nbsp;Universit&auml;tsarchiv K&ouml;ln, Zugang 600/64-R&ouml;ttgen, Auguste. Zie ook schriftelijke toelichting Andreas Freitr&auml;ger, 5 februari 2020.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ejh4s" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &#39;An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe&#39;, in: Anne Frank Magazine 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="asnaw" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-5-2">b</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333e2-deb8-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Auguste R&ouml;ttgen</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ujq0a" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Nieders&auml;chsiches Landesarchiv, Standort Osnabr&uuml;ck:&nbsp;Woningkaart Martinistrasse 67 A (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_013).</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

A_vPels_III_012 - uitsnede Auguste van Pels

Auguste van Pels, Amstedam, 16 juli 1941

Auguste van Pels was one of the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex.

Auguste van Pels was één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.

Auguste van Pels - Röttgen

Fritz Pfeffer was born on 30&nbsp;April 1889 in Giessen as the son of textile merchant Ignatz Pfeffer and Jeanette Hirsch.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;He had a sister and four brothers: Minna, Julius, Emil, Ernst and Hans.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

After attending grammar school in his home town, he trained as a dentist at the University of W&uuml;rzburg from 1908 to 1911.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a><a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> From 1913 to 1938 he had his own practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

During the First World War, he was a member of the 116th Infantry Regiment. The division to which this regiment belonged took part in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Back in Berlin, he resumed his practice. He was also an active sportsman, and was particularly into rowing in&nbsp;the waters around Berlin.

In 1926, Pfeffer married Vera Henriette Bythiner, with whom he had a son named Werner in 1927.&nbsp;The marriage was dissolved in 1933.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> In the mid-1930s he met Charlotte Kaletta. They could not marry because by now the racist Nuremberg Laws were in effect. Part of this was a ban on marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.

Pfeffer made an attempt to emigrate to the United Kingdom, but on&nbsp;5&nbsp;May 1937 his application for registration as a dentist was rejected by the General Medical Council (GMC) in London.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a> His younger brother Ernst Pfeffer had made the same request a year and a half earlier and was admitted.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a> After Kristallnacht (9-10 November 1938), Pfeffer came to the Netherlands. He wanted to go to Chile to work as a horse breeder. In June 1939 minister Goseling rejected his request to be allowed to stay in the Netherlands while awaiting a decision on this.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a> A marriage to Charlotte Kaletta could not be arranged in the Netherlands either, as a treaty from 1902 required permission from the German government.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a> Pfeffer investigated the possibility of marrying in another country, but since he had not held a valid passport since January 1939, that was out of the question.

Otto Frank first met Pfeffer in the spring of 1940. At that time, Pfeffer was living with Otto&#39;s childhood friend Stephanie Schuster.<a href="#footnote-11" id="footnote-marker-11-1" rel="footnote">[11]</a> Later he moved into a room on the Bernard Zweerskade.<a href="#footnote-12" id="footnote-marker-12-1" rel="footnote">[12]</a> Despite the denial of residence in the Netherlands, Pfeffer did not leave. Nor was he deported. He worked in the dental practice of Samuel van der Hoeden. In the autumn of 1942, the situation became dangerous for him, as he did not have the relatively safe status of a mixed marriage. Through the mediation of Miep Gies, who was a patient with him, he was able to move into the Secret Annex. He told his landlady that he had to go to the hospital for a kidney complaint and disappeared. Through Miep, he kept in touch with Charlotte Kaletta.<a href="#footnote-13" id="footnote-marker-13-1" rel="footnote">[13]</a>

After the arrest on 4 August 1944, Pfeffer ended up in Westerbork. He was transported to Auschwitz on 3 September 1944. A camp survivor later stated that Pfeffer had left Auschwitz with a transport consisting of dentists and dental technicians to Neuengamme. There Fritz Pfeffer died at the age of 55, according to the death certificate as a result of an intestinal infection.<a href="#footnote-14" id="footnote-marker-14-1" rel="footnote">[14]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-15" id="footnote-marker-15-1" rel="footnote">[15]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ozepg" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/9853340a-3497-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Friedrich Pfeffer</a>; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Ministerie van Justitie: Rijksvreemdelingendienst (RVD) en Taakvoorgangers, nummer toegang 2.09.45, inv. nr. 1031:&nbsp; Fritz Pfeffer aan &#39;Comit&eacute; de Proteccion a los Immigrantes Israelitas&#39; in Santiago de Chile, 13 januari 1939.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lw0uf" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &quot;&#39;He was all alone&#39;: Fritz Pfeffer, the roommate of Anne Frank&quot;, in &nbsp;Anne Frank Magazine 1999, p. 44-49; Bernd Lindenthal, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.22029/jlupub-3841" target="_blank">Fritz Pfeffer war der Zimmergenosse von Anne Frank: zur Erinnerung an der Zahnartz aus Gie&szlig;en</a>,&nbsp;in: Mittteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins, (2000) NF 85, p. 97-131; Nanda van der Zee, The roommate of Anne Frank, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2003; J&uuml;rgen Dauernheim, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.22029/jlupub-4058">Dr. Fritz Pfeffer aus Gie&szlig;en: Anne Franks &quot;Dr. Dussel&quot;: (eine Erg&auml;nzung)</a>, in: Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins, (2012) NF 97, p. 221-227; Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="gnlp3" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Schularchiv Landgraf-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Gie&szlig;en: Fritz Pfeffer, Zeugnis der Reife zum Besuch der Universit&auml;t, 26 februari 1908.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="qd6n0" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Universit&auml;tsarchiv, Universit&auml;t W&uuml;rzburg, Archiv des Rektorats (ARS), signatuurnrs. 4190, 4192, 4196 en 4198.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="30xeu" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Berliner Adre&szlig;buch 1913. Unter Benutzung von Amtlicher Quellen, jaargangen 1913-1938 (http://adressbuch.zlb.de).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="hez1t" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Stadhuis Sopot, Polen, Archief Standesamt Zoppot, Huwelijksakten 1926, akte B 48, 30 april 1926;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238):&nbsp;Archiefkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregiser, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart Vera H. Bythiner.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="td4lw" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 74 - 1937. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 239-242.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="h8m5c" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>The minutes of the General Medical Council (G.M.C. London) Volume 72 - 1935. Reports on Applications for Registration of Foreign dentists under the Dentists Act 1878, p. 245-251.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="6b04a" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NL-HaNA), Justitie / Rijksvreemdelingendienst, 2.09.45, inv.nr.: Aanvraag emigratievergunning.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="9ijcv" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>&quot;Het Duitsche Ari&euml;rhuwelijksverbod sluit een huwelijk in Nederland uit&quot;,&nbsp;Het Vaderland, 17 september 1935 (avondblad), p. 13.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="uyhz9" id="footnote-11"><a href="#footnote-marker-11-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 4046, Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="1fj8i" id="footnote-12"><a href="#footnote-marker-12-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam, inv. nr. 4046: Vreemdelingenkaart Fritz Pfeffer;&nbsp;SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/9853340a-3497-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Friedrich Pfeffer</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="8knyp" id="footnote-13"><a href="#footnote-marker-13-1">^</a> <cite>Miep Gies &amp; Alison Leslie Gold,&nbsp;Herinneringen aan Anne Frank. Het verhaal van Miep Gies, de steun en toeverlaat van de familie Frank in het Achterhuis, Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1987.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xroim" id="footnote-14"><a href="#footnote-marker-14-1">^</a> <cite>Gedenkst&auml;tte Neuengamme,&nbsp;&quot;H&auml;ftlings-Toten-Nachweis&quot;, 17.12.1944-19.1.1945 (kopie:&nbsp;Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), reg. code A_Pfeffer_I_0150).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="2ugb6" id="footnote-15"><a href="#footnote-marker-15-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/9853340a-3497-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Friedrich Pfeffer</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

http://digitaaldepot/mediabank_nl/detail/79bd2a85-fdf8-5b9c-8f6f-4cce76735fae/media/8b7393e6-b0ab-751a-16c5-cfd532c3bc94

Fritz Pfeffer wordt in 1889 geboren in Giessen als zoon van Ignatz Pfeffer en zijn vrouw Jeanette Hirsch-Pfeffer. Zoals veel Duitse Joden was ook Fritz Pfeffer voorafgaand aan de machtsovername door de NSDAP in 1933 volledig geïntegreerd in de Duitse maatschappij en samenleving. Zo dient hij als dienstplichtig militair tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het Duitse leger, en richt hij in 1913 een tandartspraktijk op in Berlijn. Na het einde van de vijandelijkheden pakt hij zijn werk weer op en houdt tot 1938 deze praktijk aan. In dat jaar vlucht hij naar Nederland, nadat hij en veel andere Joden na de gebeurtenissen van de Kristallnacht Duitsland ontvluchten. Voorafgaand aan zijn eigen vlucht stuurt Fritz Pfeffer zijn elfjarige zoon Werner naar zijn broer Ernst Pfeffer in Engeland. Fritz Pfeffer heeft voogdij over zijn zoon, nadat hij in 1933 na een huwelijk van zeven jaar gescheiden is van Werner's moeder Vera Henriette Bythiner. Deze foto komt uit de persoonlijke collectie van Fritz Pfeffer of Charlotte Kaletta.

A_Pfeffer_III_054

Portretfoto van Fritz Pfeffer, jaren '30

Fritz Pfeffer was one of those hiding in the Secret Annex.

Fritz Pfeffer was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.

Fritz Pfeffer

Hermann van Pels was born in Gehrde on 31 March 1898.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;Gehrde is a place between Osnabr&uuml;ck and Oldenburg. The personal and family card of Hermann van Pels incorrectly states 31 March 1890.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>&nbsp;This is an administrative error that has taken on a life of its own. Hermann was a son of A&auml;ron van Pels and Lina Vors&auml;nger. He was the fourth of six children. His brother and sisters were: David Max, Henny, Ida Henri&euml;tte, Clara and Meta.

Nothing is known about Hermann van Pels&#39; childhood and schooling.&nbsp;From statements by his sister Ida we know of an apprenticeship with the firm Alsberg and of a job with Karstadt in Kiel. It is certain that he lived in Kiel from March to August 1917 and moved from there to Hamburg. In December 1925 he married Auguste R&ouml;ttgen in Elberfeld. Their son Peter was born in 1926.

Hermann van Pels and his family lived in Osnabr&uuml;ck for years. When life became increasingly difficult for Jews under Nazi rule, he left for the Netherlands in 1937 and settled in Amsterdam-Zuid. Over the years he lived at many addresses, including with his parents-in-law. His arrival in the Netherlands did not cause any particular problems, because Van Pels had Dutch nationality. Because he was a Dutchman, he was subject to conscription. What practical consequences this had for him is not clear. In early 1939 he was arrested as a deserter, but the matter ended quietly. Around the same time, the American consulate put him on the waiting list for emigration &#39;under the German quota&#39;.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Together with his brother-in-law Max Goldschmidt, Van Pels had a trade in textile goods. He left this business in early 1939 and went to work for Otto Frank&#39;s company Pectacon. In July 1942, Hermann van Pels and his family went into hiding in the Secret Annex. What is known about Van Pels during this period comes from Anne&#39;s diary, with some additions and corrections by Otto and Miep.

Van Pels ended up in Westerbork after the arrest. From there he was transported to Auschwitz on 3 September 1944. In the men&#39;s camp he did heavy work, seriously hurting his thumb. He asked for Stubendienst&nbsp;but thus became a victim of an interim selection&nbsp;and it is almost certain that he was killed in the gas chamber. Hermann van Pels was 46&nbsp;years old at the time.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> Addresses:&nbsp;Kiel:&nbsp;Herzog-Friedrich-Stra&szlig;e 49 (March 1917),&nbsp;Exerzierplatz;<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>&nbsp;Hamburg:&nbsp;K&ouml;nigstrasse 11-13 (1920);<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;Osnabr&uuml;ck: Georgstra&szlig;e 6,<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a> Martinistrasse 67a;<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a>&nbsp;Amsterdam: Stadionweg 277-III (July 1937), Biesboschstraat 59hs (May 1938), Zuider Amstellaan 34-II (May 1940).<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-2" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="fm4vk" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Standesamt Gehrde, Geboorteregister 6 juli 1948 (afschrift); Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Nederlands Beheersinstituut (NBI): Beheersdossiers, nummer toegang 2.09.16, inv. nr. 141144.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="x9ikh" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-7b53-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Hermann&nbsp;van Pels</a>; Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/9853344e-d336-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Gezinskaart H. van Pels</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="uoomf" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code&nbsp; A_vPels_I_001: Amerikaanse Consul aan H. van Pels, 25 april 1939.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="0z7p9" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &#39;An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe&#39;, in: Anne Frank Magazine 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="e3wfc" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-5-2">b</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333f2-7b53-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Hermann&nbsp;van Pels</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="t8ax6" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>E-mail Sabine Awolin (Landeshauptstadt Kiel, Archiv der Meldebeh&ouml;rde) aan Gertjan Broek (Anne Frank Stichting (AFS)), 21 juli 2010. De oorspronkelijke kaart is verfilmd, maar deze is moeilijk leesbaar waardoor er geen bruikbare kopie is te maken De oorspronkelijke kaart is verfilmd, maar deze is moeilijk leesbaar waardoor er geen bruikbare kopie is te maken.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="adxev" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Hamburger Adressbuch 1920 (jaargang 134), Abschnitt&nbsp;II. Einwohner- und Firmen-Verzeichnis der Stadt Hamburg einschlie&szlig;lich der Vororte Alsterdorf, Borstel, Fuhlsb&uuml;ttel [...], Hamburg: Hamburger Adre&szlig;buch-Verlag, 1920, p. 701.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="fyosi" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Nieders&auml;chsiches Landesarchiv (NLA), Standort Osnabr&uuml;ck, Dep.3bIV inv. nr. 2166:&nbsp;Kartotheek Synagogengemeinde Osnabr&uuml;ck.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="n79d6" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>NLA, Standort Osnabr&uuml;ck:&nbsp;Woningkaart Martinistrasse 67 A (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_013).</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

A_vPels_III_012 - uitsnede Hermann van Pels

Hermann van Pels, Amsterdam, 16 juli 1941

Hermann van Pels was an employee of Pectacon and was one of the people hiding in the Secret Annex.

Hermann van Pels was medewerker van Pectacon en was één van de onderduikers in het Achterhuis.

Hermann van Pels

Margot was born on 16 February 1926 in the Vaterl&auml;ndische Frauenverein clinic in Frankfurt am Main.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> She was 54 centimetres long and weighed 8 pounds.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> She was the frst child of Otto Frank and Edith Holl&auml;nder.

She attended the Ludwig Richterschule from April 1932 to March 1933. In that month she transferred to the Varrentrappschule. This transfer coincided with the family&#39;s move to Dantestrasse and was undoubtedly related to it. When her parents decided to leave Germany, Margot first went to stay with her grandmother in Aachen. There she attended the J&uuml;dische Volksschule on Bergdriesch until 22 December.

In Amsterdam Margot went to the Jeker School and subsequently to the Municipal Lyceum for Girls. Pretty soon she was getting good grades in most subjects, which indicates that she had had no trouble mastering the Dutch language. In the summer of 1941, segregation of education was imposed and Margot and her friend Jetteke Frijda had to leave the Girls&#39; Lyceum. They both went to the Jewish Lyceum.

Margot was a sporty person. Among other things, she rowed&nbsp;and played tennis. With some classmates from the Girls&#39; Lyceum, she rowed with a club located under the Berlage Bridge. When Margot and the coach &mdash; who was also Jewish &mdash; were banned from sports, the other girls also stopped.

On 5 July 1942 Margot was summoned to report for a German labour camp. Her parents decided to accelerate their long-standing plans to go into hiding. On the morning of 6 July, Margot cycled to Prinsengracht 263, accompanied by Miep Gies. The rest of the family followed on foot.

Margot was quiet and withdrawn by nature. In the Secret Annex, she mainly read and did schoolwork. She took a Latin course through LOI, obtaining good marks. What is known about Margot&#39;s life in the Secret Annex comes mainly from Anne&#39;s diary. Only Otto Frank and Miep Gies have said anything more about it. Miep did not remember having exchanged a word with her during this period. After the arrest on 4 August 1944, Margot was sent via Westerbork to Auschwitz. For the first eight weeks she was with her mother and Anne. In late October or early November, the girls were put on a transport to Germany and ended up in Bergen Belsen. Margot contracted typhus and died in Februay 1945, probably shortly&nbsp;before her 19th birthday.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> Adressess:&nbsp;Frankfurt am Main: Marbachweg 307,&nbsp;Ganghoferstrasse 24 (March 1931),&nbsp;Dantestra&szlig;e 4 (March 1933); Aachen: Monheimsallee 42-44 (September 1933);&nbsp;Amsterdam: Merwedeplein 37-II (december 1933).<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-2" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="hqkew" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Het heet nu het Krankenhaus Maingau vom Roten Kreuz. In 1890 opende het &#39;Vaterl&auml;ndische Frauenverein vom Roten Kreuz&#39; hier het Maingau-Krankenhaus. Zie: <a href="https://www.rotkreuzkliniken.de/ueber-uns/geschichte" target="_blank">Geschichte Franffurter Rot-Kreuz Klinken e.V.</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="jfoq8" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_MFrank_III_045: Fotoalbum &ldquo;Unser Kind&rdquo;.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="aqo39" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &#39;A Margot Frank House? The forgotten sister of Anne&#39;, in Anne Frank Magazine 2000, p. 28-35; Anco Mali, Margot Frank en de anderen, Soesterberg: Aspekt, 2005; Sophie Zijlstra, Margot, Amsterdam: Querido, 2012; Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="8mhi4" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-4-2">b</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/98533420-cd80-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Margot Betti Frank</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Pasfoto in zwart wit van Margot Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam op mei 1939, foto op p.54 in album van Anne Frank met groene kaft met foto's gemaakt tussen 1929 en 1942.
Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'Mei 1939'.

A_AFrank_III_027.086

Margot Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1939

Margot Frank was the sister of Anne Frank.

Margot Frank

Otto Heinrich Frank was born on Sunday, 12 May 1889 in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Kaufman (merchant) Michael Frank and Alice Betty Frank-Stern.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> Otto was the second child of a family of four children, all born in Frankfurt am Main. He had two brothers,&nbsp;Robert Hermann and Herbert August,&nbsp;and a sister named Helene (Leni). At the time of Otto Frank&#39;s birth, the Frank family lived at G&auml;rtnerweg 58 in Frankfurt am Main.

The Jewish Frank family belonged to the wealthy circles of Frankfurt.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> Otto&#39;s father Michael managed to set up a successful banking business in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The family was a typical product of the German Bildungsb&uuml;rgertum. After attending the Lessing Gymnasium, Otto went to the University of Heidelberg for a summer semester, where he took art history classes. After this he completed an apprenticeship at the Ferdinand Sander bank in Frankfurt. Then he left for New York. He worked as an intern at Macy&#39;s and at a bank in the Financial District. Back in Germany, he worked for Fenestra, a manufacturer of various steel constructions and industrial installations. After the outbreak of World War I, Otto worked in a horseshoe factory before joining the army.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

In August 1915, he joined the Third Regiment Fussartillerie&nbsp;in Mainz. After his training, his unit ended up in the area of Bapaume. Otto was a telephone operator and observer, so he was at some distance from the actual battle line. After his demobilisation he took over the management of the family bank. The company had fallen on hard times due to the economic and political chaos in Germany. In 1923 Otto and some relatives in Amsterdam founded two companies in the financial sector. Jo Kleiman was involved in both companies as managing director and deputy manager.

In 1925 Otto married Edith Holl&auml;nder. Her family had a business very similar to Fenestra. The couple had two daughters, Margot and Anne. The economic situation worsened after 1929. The political climate in Germany also deteriorated rapidly. After Hitler&#39;s rise to power, Otto and his family moved to Amsterdam. In the summer of 1933 Otto founded the Nederlandsche Opekta Maatschappij. In December 1933 he became a supervisory director of the &#39;Centrale Maatschappij voor Handel en Industrie&#39;, of which Kleiman was a director. At the end of the 1930s, an attempt to set up a business in England came to nothing. The &#39;Centrale Maatschappij&#39; disappeared, after which Otto and Kleiman concentrated on building up Pectacon.

In the early stages of the war Otto tried to emigrate with his family to the United States, which failed due to the impossible procedure and bureaucracy. When the persecution measures increased, the plan to go into hiding was born. At&nbsp;Kleiman&#39;s initiative, the Secret Annex&nbsp;was made ready for this. The family moved into the hiding place on 6 July 1942.

Otto was the only one of the eight people in hiding to return from Auschwitz after the arrest and deportation. He resumed his work and also did a lot to place orphaned Jewish children with relatives or foster families. He also&nbsp;edited Anne&#39;s diary and made sure it was published.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> He saw Anne as a representative of all the murdered Jewish children and hoped that her diary would bring mankind to its senses.

After his return Otto lived with Miep and Jan Gies for seven years. He then moved to Basel and married Elfriede Markovits, who had had similar war experiences. He continued corresponding&nbsp;until an advanced age about Anne and her world of ideas, especially with young people from all over the world. He died in a Swiss hospital at the age of 91.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="osvjv" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_058: Geburtsurkunde Standesamt Frankfurt am Main I nr. 1789 (afschrift, 19 oktober 1953). Op de akte staat verder vermeld dat beide ouders isra&euml;litisch en in Frankfurt woonachtig zijn.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="0nv0p" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>For biographies, see:&nbsp;Carol Ann Lee, The hidden life of Otto Frank, London: Viking, 2002; Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="jvqcy" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>H.P. van den Aardweg, J.P.J.C. H&uuml;llstrung (red.), <a href="http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/persoonlijkheden/?page_number=491" target="_blank">Persoonlijkheden in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in woord en beeld. Nederlanders en hun werk</a>, Amsterdam: Van Holkema &amp; Warendorf, 1938, p. 491.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="b0mhr" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Karen Bartlett. The diary that changed the world: the remarkable story of Otto Frank and the diary of Anne Frank, London: Biteback Publishing, 2022; Sandra van Beek, Geschiedenis van het dagboek: Otto Frank en Het Achterhuis, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Pluijm, 2022.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Pasfoto in zwart wit van Otto Frank uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1936'.

A_AFrank_III_055.133

Otto Frank, Amsterdam, mei 1936

Otto Frank was the father of Margot and Anne Frank.

Otto Frank was de vader van Margot en Anne Frank.

Otto Frank

Peter van Pels was born on 8 November 1926 in Osnabr&uuml;ck (Germany).<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;His parents were Hermann van Pels and Auguste van Pels-R&ouml;ttgen. He was&nbsp;an only child. He grew up in Osnabr&uuml;ck and came to Amsterdam with his parents in 1937.

Little is known about the schools Peter attended in the Netherlands. According to old classmates, he went to junior high school in Diezestraat. Peter probably took the Transition Course&nbsp;at the Diezeschool before going to secondary school, but it is not known when and for how long. It is likely that, after education was segregated, Peter did a technical vocational course. He learnt amongst other things to upholster furniture. Later, in the Mauthausen concentration camp, he would be registered as a furniture maker.

In contrast to Anne, who left Moortje with the neighbours, Peter brought his cat Mouschi to the Annex. He did most of the small carpentry jobs in the Annex, and he lugged the potatoes upstairs. Anne thought Peter would go to Indonesia after the war&nbsp;to live on the&nbsp;plantations. Most of what is known about Peter during this period&nbsp;comes from Anne&#39;s diary, although Otto Frank and Miep Gies did speak about him in later years.

After the arrest on 4 August 1944, Peter was sent to Austria via Westerbork. He met Max Stoppelman there, the son of Jan and Miep&#39;s landlady. Stoppelman took Peter under his wing. According to Otto Frank, Peter witnessed his father, after a selection process, being sent to his death. In January 1945 the Germans evacuated the camp. Otto Frank tried to persuade Peter to hide to avoid the evacuation, which became known later the &#39;death march&#39;. Nevertheless, Peter left and arrived at Mauthausen on 25 January. He was put to work, including in the Melk&nbsp;sub-camp, before ending up in the Sanit&auml;tslager&nbsp;of the main camp. The exact date of Peter&#39;s death is unclear. A&nbsp;list compiled by the Americans when the camp was liberated states that it&nbsp;was 5 May 1945.&nbsp;According to another list drawn up after the liberation of Mauthausen, Peter van Pels died on&nbsp;10 May 1945. Peter was 18 years old.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-2" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;Addresses:&nbsp;Osnabr&uuml;ck: Martinistrasse 67a;<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>&nbsp;Amsterdam: Stadionweg 277-III (July 1937), Biesboschstraat 59hs (May 1938), Zuider Amstellaan 34-II (May1940).<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-3" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="is06g" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-1-2">b</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-1-3">c</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/985333fa-62ad-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Peter van Pels</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="x6ayk" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Menno Metselaar, &#39;An egotistical father, a vain mother and a shy boy. The van Pels family: also in hiding in the Secret Annexe&#39;, in: Anne Frank Magazine 1998, p. 8-13;Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="kejsw" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Nieders&auml;chsiches Landesarchiv, Standort Osnabr&uuml;ck:&nbsp;Woningkaart Martinistrasse 67 A (Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_vPels_I_013).</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Foto in zwart wit van Peter van Pels, genomen door een onbekende vervaardiger in Amsterdam, 1942

https://images.memorix.nl/anf/thumb/1920x1080/361c9375-f47c-abc7-ffb9-03b5d488f18a.jpg

A_vPels_III_001 - Uitsnede

Peter van Pels, Amsterdam, 1942

Peter van Pels was the only child of Hermann van Pels and Auguste Röttgen and one of the eight hiding in the Annex.

Peter van Pels was het enig kind van Hermann van Pels en Auguste Röttgen en één van de acht onderduikers in het Achterhuis.

Peter van Pels

Getransporteerd

Camp Westerbork was built in 1939 as Central Refugee Camp Westerbork. German-Jewish refugees were housed there from October 1939.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> After the German occupation in May 1940, the camp remained in Dutch hands, but the regime became stricter under the leadership of the new director Jacques Schol.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

In 1942, the camp was expanded by the Nazis and from 1 July 1942 the camp officially functioned as a Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager. Jewish people were gathered in the camp and then deported to concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Thus, Camp Westerbork became part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

On 8 August 1944, the eight people from the Secret Annex&nbsp;were also taken to Westerbork from Amsterdam. They stayed there for almost a month. On 3 September 1944, they were put on a transport to Auschwitz concentration camp.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

Of the 107,000 Jewish people deported from the Netherlands, only 5,000 returned alive.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="z320c" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Dick Houwaart, Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ..., Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder &amp; Ben Prinsen (red.), Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="4o6in" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderuikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="fn5gd" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, Boulevard des Mis&egrave;res. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="t58jf" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann Na het Achterhuis, p.&nbsp;68, 101.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Kamp Westerbork werd in 1939&nbsp;gebouwd als Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork. Vanaf oktober 1939&nbsp;werden er Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen opgevangen.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> Na de Duitse bezetting&nbsp;in mei 1940, bleef het kamp in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger onder leiding van de nieuwe directeur Jacques Schol.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

In 1942 werd het kamp door de nazi&#39;s uitgebreid en&nbsp;vanaf 1 juli 1942&nbsp;functioneerde het kamp officieel een&nbsp;Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager Joodse mensen werden in het kamp&nbsp;verzameld en werden vervolgens&nbsp;naar&nbsp;concentratiekampen in Oost-Europa gedeporteerd. Zo werd kamp Westerbork deel van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde het als belangrijk doorganspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Op 8 augustus 1944 werden ook de acht onderduikers vanuit Amsterdam naar Westerbork&nbsp;gebracht. Ze verbleven&nbsp;er bijna een maand. Op 3 september 1944 gingen zij op transport naar concentratiekamp&nbsp;Auschwitz.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

Van de 107.000 Joodse mensen die&nbsp;uit Nederland gedeporteerd waren, keerden er slechts 5.000 levend terug.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="smy6e" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Dick Houwaart, Westerbork. Het begon in 1933 ..., Den Haag: Omniboek, 1983; Dirk Mulder &amp; Ben Prinsen (red.), Uitgeweken. De voorgeschiedenis van kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 1989.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="x19bc" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="k03go" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Zie verder: Jacob Boas, Boulevard des Mis&egrave;res. Het verhaal van doorgangskamp Westerbork, Amsterdam: Nijgh en Van Ditmar, 1988; Willy Lindwer, Kamp van hoop en wanhoop. Getuigen van Westerbork, 1939-1945, Amsterdam: Balans, 1990; Harm van der Veen, Westerbork 1939 - 1945. Het verhaal van vluchtelingenkamp en Durchgangslager Westerbork, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2003.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="t58jf" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann Na het Achterhuis,&nbsp;p. 68, 101.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Camp Westerbork

Camp Westerbork was the largest German prison camp in the Netherlands.

Kamp Westerbork was het grootste Duitse gevangenkamp in Nederland.

&#39;Transports&#39;&nbsp;refers to the systematic transportation (mostly by train) that took place of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.

Onder transporten&nbsp;wordt verstaan het stelselmatig vervoer (veelal per trein) dat plaats had van Joden naar Duitsland en naar in andere landen gelegen concentratiekampen.

Transports

Transports were the systematic transportation (mostly by train) of Jews to Germany and to concentration camps located in other countries.

Transporten is het stelselmatig vervoer (veelal per trein) dat plaats had van Joden naar Duitsland en naar in andere landen gelegen concentratiekampen.

At camp Westerbork, the eight people in hiding had to perform forced labour. Strafgevallen&nbsp;(punishment cases), like the eight people from the Secret Annex, had to work in the camp&#39;s industrial section and help produce for the German war industry. Sabotage in the process fell under military criminal law because, according to Camp Commander SS-Obersturmf&uuml;hrer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982), the goods involved were important for the war effort.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

The people from the Secret Annex probably worked at the &#39;batteries&#39;, the barracks where batteries were recycled. Jannie Brilleslijper explained how battery scrapping was done:

<blockquote>&acute;We had to chop open the batteries with a chisel and a hammer and then throw the tar in one basket and the carbon rod you took out in the other basket; you had to tap off the metal cap with a metal screwdriver and that went back into the third basket.&#39;<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a></blockquote>

Recycling batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. The prisoners became soot-blackened. After work, they went to the showers accompanied by the Order Department (OD), but most had no soap to wash themselves with.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a> Jannie Brilleslijper recounted:

<blockquote>&#39; Apart from getting incredibly dirty we all got coughs because it secreted a certain substance. The nice thing about working was that you could talk to each other. It was such dead work that you could exchange views there.&#39;&nbsp;<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a></blockquote>

Jannie Brilleslijper recalled that while working, her sister Rebekka Brilleslijper in particular had a lot of contact with Edith Frank.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-2" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

Although prisoners who had to do this work received an extra ration of milk daily, many of them tried to switch to a better job. Otto Frank also tried to arrange a better job for his daughter Anne through Rachel Frankfoorder, who worked in &#39;internal services&#39; and mainly had to scrub and clean toilets. However, Rachel Frankfoorder could do nothing for her because she had no say in the matter, so Anne continued to work at the batteries.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

<div>
<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="q4w13" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 73.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="f6tho" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank,&nbsp;Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, 1988, p. 69.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="0nd9w" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, p. 88.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="qutre" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-4-2">b</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p. 69-70.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="1iipk" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, p. 89-90.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>
</div>

In kamp Westerbork moesten de acht onderduikers dwangarbeid verrichten. Vooral strafgevallen, zoals de acht onderduikers, moesten in de industrieafdeling van het kamp werken en meehelpen met produceren voor de Duitse oorlogsindustrie. Sabotage hierbij viel onder het militair strafrecht omdat het volgens Kampcommandant SS-Obersturmf&uuml;hrer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982) ging om goederen die van belang waren voor de oorlogsvoering.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

De onderduikers&nbsp;werkten waarschijnlijk bij de &lsquo;batterijen&rsquo;, de barak waarin&nbsp;batterijen gerecycled werden. Jannie Brilleslijper legde uit hoe het batterijenslopen in zijn werk ging:

<blockquote>&acute;We moesten de batterijen met een beitel en een hamer openhakken en dan de teer in de ene mand gooien en het koolstaafje dat je eruit haalde in de andere mand; het metalen hoedje moest je er met een metalen schroevendraaier aftikken en dat ging weer in het derde mandje&rsquo;.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a></blockquote>

Het recyclen van batterijen was smerig en ongezond werk. De gevangen werden roetzwart. Na het werk gingen ze onder begeleiding van de Ordedienst (OD) naar de douches, maar de meesten hadden geen zeep om zich mee te wassen.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a> Jannie Brilleslijper vertelde:

<blockquote>&#39;Behalve dat je er ontzettend smerig van werd raakten we allen aan het hoesten omdat het een bepaalde stof afscheidt. Het prettige van het werken was dat je met elkaar kon praten. Het was zulk doods werk, dat je daar van gedachten kon wisselen.&acute;<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a></blockquote>

Jannie Brilleslijper herinnerde zich dat tijdens het werk vooral haar zus Rebekka Brilleslijper veel contact had met Edith Frank.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-2" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

Hoewel gevangenen die dit werk moesten doen dagelijks een extra rantsoen melk kregen, probeerden velen van hen het te verruilen voor een beter baantje. Ook Otto Frank probeerde voor zijn dochter Anne een beter baantje te regelen via Rachel Frankfoorder die bij de &acute;binnendienst&acute; werkte en voornamelijk moest schrobben en wc&acute;s moest schoonmaken. Rachel Frankfoorder kon echter niets voor haar betekenen omdat ze er niets over te zeggen had en dus bleef Anne bij de batterijen werken.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

<div>
<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="q4w13" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 73.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="f6tho" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank,&nbsp;Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, 1988, p. 69.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="0nd9w" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, p. 88.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="qutre" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-4-2">b</a> <cite>Lindwer,&nbsp;De laatste zeven maanden, p. 69-70.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="1iipk" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, p. 89-90.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>
</div>

During their captivity in camp Westerbork, the eight people in hiding had to break open batteries.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="7odp4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Bas Kortholt, <a href="https://kampwesterbork.nl/de-stichting/nieuws/item/column-barak-65" target="_blank">Barak 56</a>,&nbsp;Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork&nbsp;(geraadpleegd 28 november 2023).</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Tijdens hun gevangenschap in kamp Westerbork moesten de acht onderduikers batterijen slopen.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="16ofw" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Bas Kortholt, <a href="https://kampwesterbork.nl/de-stichting/nieuws/item/column-barak-65" target="_blank">Barak 56</a>,&nbsp;Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork&nbsp;(geraadpleegd 28 november 2023).</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Work 'on the batteries'

During their captivity in camp Westerbork, the eight people in hiding had to break open batteries.

Tijdens hun gevangenschap in kamp Westerbork moesten de acht onderduikers batterijen slopen.

063 - BBWO2

Gevangenen halen batterijen uit elkaar in Westerbork

Battery scrapping hut in Camp Westerbork

The hut in Camp Westerbork where batteries were recycled.

De barak in kamp Westerbork waar batterijen gerecycled werden.

According to her birth certificate, Edith Holl&auml;nder was born on 16 January 1900 in Aachen, at Heinrichsallee 50. She was&nbsp;a daughter of Abraham Holl&auml;nder and Rosalie Holl&auml;nder-Stern. Edith was the youngest of four children.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> She had two brothers: Julius and Walter. Bettina, the only sister, died at the age of 16.

Edith attended the evangelical Viktoriaschule at Warmweiherstrasse in her birthplace. In 1916 she took her school diploma. She was a sporty girl and played tennis. Before her marriage she worked for some time in the family business. The company B. Holl&auml;nder Rohproduktenhandlung, founded by her grandfather, traded in boilers, equipment and industrial plants as well as old iron, paper and rags. There was a branch in Cologne and from&nbsp;1914 the company also had a wagon factory near Hanover, where Edith&#39;s brother Walter worked. On 12 May 1925 Edith married Otto Frank and moved to Frankfurt. Margot was born in 1926 and Anne followed in 1929. After she and Otto decided to leave Germany in 1933, Edith went to live with her mother in Aachen for a while. She travelled frequently to Amsterdam, where she looked for accommodation. In December 1933 she left for the Netherlands permanently.

The loss of her old life was hard for Edith. She corresponded regularly with Gertrud Naumann, a girl who had lived next door to her in Frankfurt, and otherwise focused on her family. From September 1938 she and Otto tried to bring her mother to the Netherlands. Shortly after Kristallnacht the Ministry of Justice gave permission for this. Edith&#39;s brothers Walter and Julius managed to emigrate to America. After the arrest on 4 August 1944, Edith went via Westerbork to Auschwitz. At first she was with her daughters, but after about eight weeks they were sent on to Bergen-Belsen. Edith suffered greatly from this. Little is known about her further fate, but a friend saw her later in a sick bay. She had a high fever and was totally exhausted due to lack of food and illness. She died a few days later at the age of 44.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>&nbsp;Addresses: Aachen: Heinrichsallee 50, Liebfrauenstra&szlig;e 5 (1910); Frankfurt am Main: Marbachweg 307 (March 1927),&nbsp;Ganghoferstrasse 24 (Mrach 1931),&nbsp;Dantestra&szlig;e 4 (March 1933); Aachen: Monheimsallee 42-44 (September 1933);&nbsp;Amsterdam: Merwedeplein 37-II (December 1933).<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-2" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="km9st" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting, Anne Frank Collectie, reg. code A_EFrank_I_001: Standesamt Aachen I, Geburterbuch, register A II nr. 211: Geburtsurkunde Edith Holl&auml;nder (kopie).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="nl0pq" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Literature: Dineke Stam, &#39;Who was Edith Frank-Holl&auml;nder?, in: Anne Frank Magazine 1999, p. 52-55; Aukje Vergeest, Anne Frank in the Secret Annexe: who was who?, Amsterdam: Anne Frank House, 2015.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ovaod" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-3-2">b</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="http://Stadsarchief Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238):" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Edit Holl&auml;nder</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Pasfoto in zwart wit van Edith Frank-Holländer uit een fotoalbum, genomen bij Polyfoto in Amsterdam in mei 1935 of 1936, foto op p.52 in het album 'Blanco Monster Electro Huishoudboek 1937'. Bijschrift in handschrift Anne: 'mei 1935'. De datering is niet duidelijk: Anne dateert deze foto mei 1935, Otto andere foto's van dit vel mei 1936.

A_AFrank_III_055.134

Edith Frank-Holländer, Amsterdam, mei 1935 of 1936

Edith Frank-Holländer was the mother of Margot and Anne Frank.

Edith Frank-Holländer was de moeder van Margot en Anne Frank.

Edith Frank - Holländer

Frieda Brommet was born on 11 August 1925 in Amsterdam, where she grew up at&nbsp;Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (now Rooseveltlaan) in the Rivierenbuurt neighbourhood. Her mother Rebecca Ritmeester-Brommet (1897-1989) was a housewife; her father Joel (Jo) Brommet (1896-1945) was a window dresser for De Bijenkorf, among others.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

Frieda went to the Dintel School, at 5-7 Dintelstraat. After that, she went to the three-year Trade School. When she was in the third grade there, the war broke out in the Netherlands and she became aware of her Jewishness for the first time. As she would often say later: &quot;On 10 May, I became Jewish.&quot;<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

<h1>Hiding and betrayal</h1>

After the third grade, Frieda continued at the Secondary Trade School. When she transferred there to the fifth grade, she had to leave school because of anti-Jewish measures and went to the HBS School on Mauritskade, which was specially set up for Jewish students.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

In early July 1942, Frieda received a call-up to report for labour. Like Margot Frank, she was 16 when she received the call-up. Frieda&#39;s father got the idea of faking scarlet fever and went to the Zentralstelle on 14 July 1942, arranging a postponement. On the way home from the Zentralstelle, there was an unexpected raid and Jo Brommet was rounded up, along with 700 other Jewish people. He eventually managed to escape and decided to go into hiding with his family.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

The Brommet family had to pay large sums of money for hiding and were not given enough to eat. In the spring of 1944, it was therefore decided to find another solution. This came through the daughter of the family hiding them. She had contacts with a couple who could take the Brommet family to Switzerland for a fee. But after paying 15,000 guilders, there was no trace of the couple and instead, on 29 June 1944, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) raided the house and the Brommet family was arrested. The Brommet family had been betrayed by two notorious SD infiltrators: married couple Jeanne Valkenburg<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> and Joop Bom.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>

<h1>Deportation</h1>

Frieda was first taken with her father and mother to Euterpestraat in Amsterdam for interrogation. The family was then detained in the prison on Weteringschans. Here Frieda met the poet Rozette (Ronnie) Goldstein-van Cleef (1921-2008), with whom she became good friends. She helped her write poems for the men in prison.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-2" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 1 July 1944, Frieda arrived at Camp Westerbork. A month later, the Frank family was also brought there and they met in the staff barracks.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a> Before going into hiding, the Brommet family and the Frank family lived close together and knew each other from the neighbourhood.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a> Like the Frank family, Frieda and her mother were put to work on the batteries.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a>

On 3 September 1944, Frieda was put on a transport to Auschwitz with her parents, like the people from the Secret Annex. At the selection at the Rampe, she saw her father for the last time. After registration, the women were shaved bald and had a number tattooed on their arm. Frieda&#39;s number was A25080, her mother&#39;s A25079. Once in the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, Frieda, like her mother, had to perform forced labour. They lugged stones from one side of the camp&nbsp;to the other side, and back again. Ronnie van Cleef wrote a poem for her about it.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

After her arrival in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Frieda Brommet soon found herself in the Kr&auml;tzeblock. Ronnie van Cleef had already been admitted there with scarlet fever; Frieda also became infected and was put in the Kr&auml;tzeblock with her and the Frank sisters. Conditions in the Kr&auml;tzeblock were bad. To help their daughters, Frieda Brommet and Edith Frank&#39;s mother, and helped by Lenie de Jong, dug a hole somewhere along&nbsp;the side of the hut to give food to the children.<a href="#footnote-11" id="footnote-marker-11-1" rel="footnote">[11]</a> Frieda recalled how she was fed through the hole:

<blockquote>&#39;&#39;And during that period when Ronnie and I were there together, the thing is that my mother and Mrs Frank, Edith, formed a kind of couple. Because together they stole things they ... They dug a hole together. (...) One day my mother came and she could also speak through that hole, and she said, she would shout, &#39;Frieda! Frieda!&#39; (...) And said: &#39;Mrs Frank and I are the only ones here in the camp now. We have been hiding because the group has been put on a transport. But we hid because we wanted to stay with you. And we stole some bread and I am giving it to you now through the hole and you have to share it between the four of you.&#39; And that four was with Margot and Anne (...).&#39;<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-3" rel="footnote">[2]</a></blockquote>

In the Kr&auml;tzeblock, Frieda soon became even sicker, contracting typhus&nbsp;fever, Durchfall (diarrhoea) and eventually pleurisy. She thus ended up in several infirmary huts&nbsp;and was reunited with her mother who had also fallen ill. In mid-January 1945, Auschwitz was cleared for the approaching Soviet army. Frieda and her mother remained in the infirmary hut&nbsp;and were liberated by the Soviet army on 27 January 1945.<a href="#footnote-12" id="footnote-marker-12-1" rel="footnote">[12]</a>

<h1>After liberation</h1>

It took Frieda months to recover from the illnesses she contracted in Auschwitz. She therefore devoted the first years after the war to her recovery, as well as attending various courses and evening grammar school. She also got work as a telephone operator, which she could perform lying down while recovering.<a href="#footnote-13" id="footnote-marker-13-1" rel="footnote">[13]</a> In January 1951, she married Herman Samuel Menco (1925-2002), who had also survived Auschwitz.<a href="#footnote-14" id="footnote-marker-14-1" rel="footnote">[14]</a> They had two sons together.<a href="#footnote-15" id="footnote-marker-15-1" rel="footnote">[15]</a>

Frieda later recounted her war experiences in schools and in interviews. She said about this: &quot;What I can still do today, against indifference and against injustice. For me, that is the basis of everything.&quot;<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-4" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 15 March 2011, Frieda was at the Anne Frank House for the opening of the exhibition Margot, sister of Anne.<a href="#footnote-16" id="footnote-marker-16-1" rel="footnote">[16]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-17" id="footnote-marker-17-1" rel="footnote">[17]</a> Addresses: Amsterdam, Zuider-Amstellaan 74-I (until summer &#39;42);<a href="#footnote-18" id="footnote-marker-18-1" rel="footnote">[18]</a> Tilburg (May-June &#39;45);<a href="#footnote-19" id="footnote-marker-19-1" rel="footnote">[19]</a> Amsterdam, Henry Polaklaan 8-10 (summer &#39;45); Henry Polaklaan 27II (24 Mar &#39;47).<a href="#footnote-20" id="footnote-marker-20-1" rel="footnote">[20]</a>

<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="wx9hq" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Ad van Liempt, Frieda. Verslag van een gelijmd leven. Herinneringen aan kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen: Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, 2007,&nbsp;p. 7.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="dvdxj" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-2-2">b</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-2-3">c</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-2-4">d</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12-februari 2010.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="0mxpf" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Vanaf het school jaar 1941/1942 moesten Joodse leerlingen naar een aparte Joodse school. Zie: Joods Monument: <a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/444204/joodsche-5-jarige-hbs-oorspronkelijk-mauritskade-amsterdam" target="_blank">Joodsche 5-jarige HBS oorspronkelijk Mauritskade Amsterdam</a>; Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 19; AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="5qcuq" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 27-29.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="u5h2i" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Voor Valkenburg, zie: Wikipedia: <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Valkenburg" target="_blank">Adriana Valkenburg</a>;&nbsp;Marie-C&eacute;cile van Hintum,&nbsp;<a href="https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Valkenburg" target="_blank">Valkenburg, Adriana</a>, in:&nbsp;Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="py63y" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Frieda zou na de oorlog in het proces tegen dit echtpaar getuigen. Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 35-38, 85-87. Zie ook Joods Monument: <a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/600848/verraad" target="_blank">Verraad</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3k5r1" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Frieda Brommet zat net als de familie Frank in strafbarak 67. Het Nederlandsche Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag: <a href="https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search/person/130267989?s=Frieda%20Brommet&amp;t=2574865&amp;p=0" target="_blank">Kaart Frieda Brommet</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="dpi8s" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt, Frieda,&nbsp;p. 45-46.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xcvse" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt,&nbsp;Frieda, p. 51.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="6097m" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari 2010; Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 58.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="oiimu" id="footnote-11"><a href="#footnote-marker-11-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 60-62.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="7sww4" id="footnote-12"><a href="#footnote-marker-12-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, Getuigenarchief, interview Frieda Menco-Brommet, 12 februari -2010. Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 63-67.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="r7r7t" id="footnote-13"><a href="#footnote-marker-13-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 83.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="c3pqj" id="footnote-14"><a href="#footnote-marker-14-1">^</a> <cite>Voor Herman Menco, zie: Stolpersteine Dordrecht:<a href="https://www.stolpersteine-dordrecht.nl/het_voorbije_joodse_dordrecht_Herman_Menco.html" target="_blank"> Feyenoordfan en Auschwitzoverlevende Herman Menco werd in Dordts bejaardenhuis opgepakt</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="b8177" id="footnote-15"><a href="#footnote-marker-15-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 90-91.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="p3won" id="footnote-16"><a href="#footnote-marker-16-1">^</a> <cite>Website Anne Frank Stichting:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.annefrank.org/nl/over-ons/nieuws-en-pers/nieuws/2019/2/25/memoriam-frieda-menco-brommet/" target="_blank">In memoriam Frieda Menco-Brommet</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="e6omf" id="footnote-17"><a href="#footnote-marker-17-1">^</a> <cite>Joods Monument: <a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/362370/frieda-menco-brommet" target="_blank">Frieda Menco-Brommet</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="l8dt1" id="footnote-18"><a href="#footnote-marker-18-1">^</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Politierapporten &#39;40-&#39;45, Archiefnummer&nbsp;5225,&nbsp;inventarisnummer&nbsp;6650.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="hnue6" id="footnote-19"><a href="#footnote-marker-19-1">^</a> <cite>Van Liempt, Frieda, p. 79-81.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="9a98c" id="footnote-20"><a href="#footnote-marker-20-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer&nbsp; 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/98533401-e88e-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Frieda Brommet</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

Frieda Brommet, zonder datum. Foto afkomstig van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork.

Frieda Brommet_HCKW - uitsnede

Frieda Brommet, ongedateerd

Frieda Brommet knew the Frank family from the neighbourhood and had contact with them in the various concentration camps. Together with Anne and Margot Frank, she spent some time in the scabies barrack in Auschwitz.

Frieda Brommet kende de familie Frank uit de buurt en had contact met hen in verschillende concentratiekampen. Samen met Anne en Margot Frank lag ze enige tijd in de Schurftbarak in Auschwitz.

Frieda Menco - Brommet

Marianne (Jannie) Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka witnessed Anne and Margot&nbsp;in the infirmary barracks&nbsp;in Bergen Belsen.

Jannie Brilleslijper was born at Nieuwe Kerkstraat 81.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;She grew up in a Jewish family that lived at various addresses in the centre of Amsterdam. In 1936 they moved to the still new district of Bos en Lommer. Jannie&#39;s father was a fruit merchant and in her younger years she worked as a servant and as a dressmaker.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 9 August 1939 she married Cornelis Teunis (Bob) Brandes in Amsterdam.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a> His parents were against the marriage. Witnesses to the marriage were an uncle of Marianne and her sister Rebekka.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> With her husband, Jannie was involved in socialist and communist groups.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

On 10 July 1944, she and her brother, sister and future brother-in-law were arrested during a raid on her home in Naarden. The party of nine was taken to the Police Headquarters in Amsterdam at ten minutes to six in the afternoon.&nbsp;The following day, Jannie&#39;s parents followed.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>

She arrived in Westerbork at the end of July 1944<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;and from there, on 3 September 1944, was deported to Auschwitz on the last transport from the Netherlands. Her sister, her parents, and the people from the Secret Annex were also on this transport. Like her sister, Jannie was a mixed marriage member of the Schutzh&auml;ftlinge, a group with a different status from the rest.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>

Jannie and her sister left Auschwitz-Birkenau as part of mass transports of women who were more or less fit for work to Bergen-Belsen from late October 1944. Anne and Margot Frank were also among them. They were all part of a group of mostly Dutch women who spent a lot of time together. Jannie witnessed the illness, but not the death of Anne and Margot.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a>

The Brilleslijper sisters were still in Bergen-Belsen when British troops liberated the camp on 15 April 1945.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

In October 1945, Jannie stayed at a sanatorium in Bloemendaal. Through her sister she came into contact with Otto Frank, who was looking for people who knew more about the death of his children.<a href="#footnote-11" id="footnote-marker-11-1" rel="footnote">[11]</a> This was necessary in order to be able to obtain an official death certificate. On 13 January 1946, she wrote and signed a note in which she made a statement to this effect.<a href="#footnote-12" id="footnote-marker-12-1" rel="footnote">[12]</a>

When Ernst Schnabel was working on his book about Anne Frank in 1958, for unknown reasons he was unable to talk to Jannie. Otto Frank wanted her to record her memories of Anne and found Lewinsohn willing to make the recordings.<a href="#footnote-13" id="footnote-marker-13-1" rel="footnote">[13]</a>&nbsp;It is not known whether this plan was implemented.

The story of Jannie Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka was turned by Roxane van Iperen into a novel, which was published in 2018.<a href="#footnote-14" id="footnote-marker-14-1" rel="footnote">[14]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-15" id="footnote-marker-15-1" rel="footnote">[15]</a>&nbsp;Addresses:&nbsp;Bloys van Treslongstraat 35, Amsterdam (1936);<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-2" rel="footnote">[2]</a> Bankastraat 131, The Hague (Jan. 1939); Nieuwe Achtergracht 14-II, Amsterdam (March 1939); Bazarlaan 70, The Hague (Aug. 1939); 78 (Jan. 1940); Driftweg 2, Naarden (May 1943); Amstel 101, Amsterdam (Nov. 1945).<a href="#footnote-16" id="footnote-marker-16-1" rel="footnote">[16]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="j64ye" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Burgerlijke Stand, inv. nr. 7788, akte 12428.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="kusmf" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-2-2">b</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegangsnummer 5422): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/9853343e-f612-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Gezinskaart J. Brilleslijper (1891)</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="9sniy" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>&ldquo;Familieberichten&rdquo;, Zaans Volksblad. Sociaal-democratisch dagblad, 9 augustus en 10 oktober 1939.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="1g7ky" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 6552: Register van huwelijksakten 1939, deel 29, 16v, aktenr. 31.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3o2cf" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden van Anne Frank: vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Stichting, 1988, p. 59-60.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="y1kla" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Gemeentepolitie Amsterdam (toegang 5225), inv. nr. 7202: fouilleringsregister 22 mei &ndash; 31 augustus 1944, 10 juli 1944, 17.50 uur &amp; 11 juli 1944, 21.00 uur. Zie ook: Ad van Liempt, Kopgeld. Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden 1943, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009, p. 192-194.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="aipsa" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlanse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. (?): Lijst van personen die van 23. Juli t/m 29 Juli 1944 in het Lager Westerbork zijn gearriveerd, volgnr. 8.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="9ppc5" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork &ndash; Auschwitz, 3 september 1944, nrs. 225-227, 306-309, 555-558, 788 en 884; Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_custody_(Nazi_Germany)" target="_blank">Protective custody (Nazi Germany)</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="img3x" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p. 90-91.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="m6whv" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p. 92-93.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="k8dwd" id="footnote-11"><a href="#footnote-marker-11-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling&ndash;Brilleslijper, 4 oktober 1945 en Lien Rebling&ndash;Brilleslijper aan Otto Frank, 24 oktober 1945.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="t8os1" id="footnote-12"><a href="#footnote-marker-12-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code AFS.01205: Brief J. Brandes &ndash; Brilleslijper, 13 januari 1946.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="57q4x" id="footnote-13"><a href="#footnote-marker-13-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Brief (doorslag) Otto Frank aan Jannie Brandes &ndash; Brilleslijper, 8 september 1957.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="v68rq" id="footnote-14"><a href="#footnote-marker-14-1">^</a> <cite>Roxane van Iperen, &rsquo;t Hooge Nest, Amsterdam: Lebowski Publishers, 2018. English edition: The sisters of Auschwitz: the true story of two Jewish sisters&#39; resistance in the heart of nazi territory, Amsterdam: Seven Dials, 2019.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zt8zk" id="footnote-15"><a href="#footnote-marker-15-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Burgerlijke Stand (toegang 5009), inv. nr. 7788: register van geboorten 1916, deel 22, 42f, akte 12428; AFS, Getuigenarchief, Brandes &ndash; Brilleslijper: Rouwkaart Jannie Brilleslijper.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="yn3hl" id="footnote-16"><a href="#footnote-marker-16-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Persoonskaarten (toegangsnummer 30408): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/59c44d2a-3b0e-4fd9-8e3c-40e4778df45d">Persoonskaart Marianne&nbsp;Brilleslijper</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Jannie Brilleslijper and her sister Rebekka were in the same transport as the Frank family to Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Jannie Brilleslijper en haar zus Rebekka zaten in hetzelfde transport als de familie Frank naar Auschwitz-Birkenau en waren getuigen van het ziekbed van Anne en Margot in Bergen Belsen.

Jannie Brandes - Brilleslijper

In Westerbork, the eight people from the Secret Annex met a lot of people, some of whom they already knew. After the war, those still alive gave testimony of the meetings with Anne, Margot, Edith,&nbsp;Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of those people was thirty-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder.

Rachel Frankfoorder was born on 23&nbsp;January 1914 in the Dutch-Israeli Hospital on the Nieuwe-Keizersgracht in Amsterdam.&nbsp;Her father was a typographer, her mother a shop assistant. In her youth she lived with her parents and two brothers in Amsterdam North on the Nachtegaalstraat.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> From 1928 to 1941 she worked in the Bijenkorf. After the February Strike, the Bijenkorf was placed under German management and she no longer wanted to work there.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 28 October 1936, she married Charles D&eacute;sir&eacute; Lu-A-Si (1911-1942), with whom she had a son named D&eacute;sir&eacute; Charles Lu-A-Si on 6 February 1937.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

<h1>Resistance</h1>

Rachel and her husband Charles Lu A Si (1911-1942) were quick to join the resistance after the outbreak of war. Her husband was arrested as a communist on 25 June 1941 and, after being sent to various concentration camps, died on 15 November 1942 in Auschwitz.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;Rachel was arrested on a train in the summer of 1944 in possession of false papers and was sent to Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> She remembered meeting the Frank family in the punishment barracks.

<h1>Westerbork</h1>

Rachel Frankfoorder worked in Westerbork providing &lsquo;support services&rsquo;, which involved scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and, when a transport arrived, distributing clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> It was a coveted job, and she remembered that Otto Frank asked her to arrange a place for Anne with the cleaning team:

<blockquote>&quot;Otto Frank brought Anne to me and asked if I could help Anne. Anne was very nice and she also asked me if she could help. She said: &lsquo;I can do anything, I&#39;m very handy.&rsquo; She was most charming, a little older than in the photo we all know her from, cheerful and eager. Unfortunately, I had no say in the matter and sent her to the barrack&#39;s supervisor. It was the best that I could do.&quot;<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a></blockquote>

Anne eventually got work in the batteries department.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-2" rel="footnote">[6]</a>

<h1>Bergen Belsen</h1>

Like the Frank family, Rachel was transported to Auschwitz. Therte she was given number 88410.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>&nbsp;From there was eventually selected, just like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, for transport to Bergen-Belsen. Rachel Frankfoorder was given the number 7356 in Bergen-Belsen and ended up in the same barrack as Anne and Margot.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a> She remembered the moment that she saw Anne and Margot again in Bergen-Belsen, this time without their father and mother:

<blockquote>&quot;Their parents weren&#39;t there. You don&#39;t ask, because you already know&hellip; given your own experience with parents, brothers, etc, yes, you make an assumption, that&#39;s all. The Frank girls were almost unrecognisable because their hair had been cut off, they were much balder than we were, I don&#39;t know why. And they were cold, like we all were. It was winter and you didn&#39;t have clothes. So all the factors for sickness were present. They were in a particularly bad state.&quot;<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a></blockquote>

Rachel Frankfoorder remained in Bergen-Belsen, not far from Anne and Margot, and watched the sisters become sicker and sicker: &lsquo;You could see they were both dying.&rsquo; She remembered how the two girls progressively showed the typical symptoms of typhus. They displayed &lsquo;a sort of apathy, mixed with rallies, until they became so sick that there was no more hope&rsquo;.<a href="#footnote-11" id="footnote-marker-11-1" rel="footnote">[11]</a> Shortly after, she noticed that she no longer saw Anne and Margot, and she assumed that they had died.<a href="#footnote-12" id="footnote-marker-12-1" rel="footnote">[12]</a>

<h1>Raguhn</h1>

On 7 February 1945 Rachel Frankfoorder, just like Auguste van Pels, was transported to the Raguhn women&#39;s camp. The women there were forced to do hard labour. On 9 April 1945, owing to the approaching American troops, the women in Raguhn were once again transported, this time to Theresienstadt.<a href="#footnote-13" id="footnote-marker-13-1" rel="footnote">[13]</a>

Rachel Frankfoorder told the Dutch Red Cross on 28 September 1945: &lsquo;During the journey from Ranguhn to Theresienstadt, the Germans threw under the train and killed:&nbsp;Mrs Gusti van Pels-Roettgen, about 42 years old.&rsquo;<a href="#footnote-14" id="footnote-marker-14-1" rel="footnote">[14]</a> However, no other witnesses were found to corroborate Rachel Frankfoorder&#39;s version of events, and Annelore Daniel and Bertha Kaas-Hekster firmly deny that Auguste van Pels was thrown under a moving train by German soldiers.<a href="#footnote-15" id="footnote-marker-15-1" rel="footnote">[15]</a>

On 16 April 1945 the survivors of the transport arrived in Theresienstadt. It was there that they were freed by the Soviet army on 8 May 1945.<a href="#footnote-15" id="footnote-marker-15-2" rel="footnote">[15]</a>

<h1>After the liberation</h1>

After the war, Rachel Frankfoorder married Eddy van Amerongen (1912-1992) on 5 September 1945 and emigrated to Israel in 1950.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-2" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Source pesonal data.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-2" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="im735" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank,&nbsp;Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, 1988, p. 103-104.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="coh4o" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p. 111; Evelien Gans, Jaap en Ischa Meijer: een joodse geschiedenis 1912-1956, Amsterdam: Bert Bakkker, 2008, p. 143-144.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="o4pfp" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-3-2">b</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/98533401-3152-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Rachel Frankfoorder</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="x1bbl" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Cara&iuml;bisch uitzicht:&nbsp;<a href="https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/charles-desire-lu-a-si-1911-1942-srananman-als-verzetsstrijder-en-medeorganisator-februaristaking-1941/" target="_blank">Charles Desir&eacute; Lu A Si (1911-1942): Srananman als verzetsstrijder en medeorganisator Februaristaking 1941</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="sapzi" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-5-2">b</a> <cite>Joods Amsterdam: <a href="https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/">Rachel Frankfoorder</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="wa4bh" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-6-2">b</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen (Amsterdam 2020) 81.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="v6fy6" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p.&nbsp;106-107.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="6mxkc" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p. 109.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="aqpfr" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, 5792, 1.1.3.1, volgnr. 315.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="rok53" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, 117.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="5i0zb" id="footnote-11"><a href="#footnote-marker-11-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, 118.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="dmtg8" id="footnote-12"><a href="#footnote-marker-12-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, 270.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="o5kun" id="footnote-13"><a href="#footnote-marker-13-1">^</a> <cite>Verklaring Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), februari 1961, dossier nr. 103586, Auguste van Pels-R&ouml;ttgen.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xh80n" id="footnote-14"><a href="#footnote-marker-14-1">^</a> <cite>NRK 2050, inv.nr. 1237, verklaring Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lxw5f" id="footnote-15"><a href="#footnote-marker-15-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-15-2">b</a> <cite>Von Benda Beckmann Na het Achterhuis 282-283.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Rachel van Amerongen

Rachel Frankfoorder, aan het begin van de oorlog

Rachel Frankfoorder met the eight people from the Secret Annex in Camp Westerbork. For months, Frankfoorder stayed not far from Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels in the various concentration camps. After the war she recounted her meetings with them.

In kamp Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers Rachel Frankfoorder. Zij verbleef in de verschillende concentratiekampen maanden lang in de buurt van Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.

Rachel van Amerongen - Frankfoorder

Rebekka (Lien, Lientje) Brilleslijper was a dancer.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> She lived in The Hague with the German pianist and philosopher Eberhard Rebling.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> In 1941 their daughter Kathinka Anita was born, and they married on 16 January 1946 in Amsterdam.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

When she was living with Rebling at &lsquo;t&nbsp;Hooge Nest&nbsp;in Huizen, she sheltered a number of people, including her sister Marianne (&#39;Jannie&#39;) and her husband and child. On 11 July 1944 the SD forced their way in and arrested all those present after an hours-long search.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> On 20 July 1944 she was sent to Westerbork, and then on 3 September deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> She was listed als &quot;Rebling - Brilleslijper&quot; even though she was not formally married. This gave her the status of Schutzh&auml;ftling&nbsp;(protective custody prisoner) just like her sister Jannie.&nbsp;Her parents and brother were classified as normal prisoners, with all the usual risks associated with that.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;

She was moved from Birkenau to Bergen-Belsen, where she met Anne and Margot Frank in about November 1944. She also witnessed the deaths of Anne and Margot.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a> 
On 18 July 1945 Otto Frank jotted in his diary: &quot;Lien Rebling&quot;.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>&nbsp; This was the day she confirmed his daughters had died. In June 1947 he sent her a copy of Het Achterhuis, as yet unpublished.&nbsp;In the accompanying letter he wrote that she and her sister had given him &quot;the last news&quot; of his children.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a>

From 1952 she lived with her family in East Berlin.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a> She performed for years with Rebling under the artisitic name of Lin Jaldati, singing Yiddish songs.<a href="#footnote-11" id="footnote-marker-11-1" rel="footnote">[11]</a>&nbsp;In the early sixties she had a disagreement with Otto Frank about political issues such as the denazification of the two Germanies. They kept up a correspondence on these issues for a while.<a href="#footnote-12" id="footnote-marker-12-1" rel="footnote">[12]</a>

The story of Rebekka Brilleslijper and her sister Jannie was turned into a novel by Roxane van Iperen and published in 2018.<a href="#footnote-13" id="footnote-marker-13-1" rel="footnote">[13]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-14" id="footnote-marker-14-1" rel="footnote">[14]</a> Addresses: Bankastraat 131, The Hague (1938);<a href="#footnote-15" id="footnote-marker-15-1" rel="footnote">[15]</a> Bergen; Driftweg, Huizen (1943-1944);<a href="#footnote-16" id="footnote-marker-16-1" rel="footnote">[16]</a> Prinsengracht 579-II, Amsterdam (September 1945), Berlin&nbsp;(1952).<a href="#footnote-17" id="footnote-marker-17-1" rel="footnote">[17]</a>

<div>
<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="1qyzd" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Barbara C. de Jong,&nbsp;<a href="https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Jaldati" target="_blank">Brilleslijper, Rebekka</a>, in:&nbsp;Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland; Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lin_Jaldati&amp;oldid=1246589449" target="_blank">Lin Jaldati</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="na8a2" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Haags Gemeente Archief (HGA), Digitale Stamboon Den Haag: Gezinskaarten R. Brilleslijper en E. Rebling.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="qafa4" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Stadsarchief Amsterdam (SAA), Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/98533408-bd2e-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaarten Rebekka&nbsp;Brilleslijper</a> en <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/9853340a-4ced-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Eberhard&nbsp;Rebling</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="pqhb1" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Ad van Liempt, Kopgeld. Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden 1943, Amsterdam: Balans, 2009, p. 192-194.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ffy1j" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, dossier 190262:&nbsp; &lsquo;ABC-kaartje&rsquo; R. Brilleslijper.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="fhdqp" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Bureau Oorlogsnazorg, inv. nr. 1066: Transportlijst Westerbork - Auschwitz, 3 september 1944, nrs. 225-227, 788 en 884.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="60dm8" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden van Anne Frank. Het ongeschreven hoofdstuk van het Dagboek, Hilversum: Just Publishers, Heruitgave, 2008, p. 90, 100.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="32rqg" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Anne Frank Collectie (AFC), Otto Frank Archief (OFA), reg. code OFA_002: Agenda Otto Frank, 18 juli 1945.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zpacb" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_100, Otto Frank aan Lien Rebling-Brilleslijper, juni 1947.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="znp1n" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>Reden voor de Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst om haar, haar echtgenoot en haar zus te beschouwen als &#39;internationaal verdachte personen&#39;. Zie: Mei tot mei -&nbsp; Verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog: <a href="https://meitotmei.nl/het-bvd-dossier-van-de-zussen-brilleslijper-t-hooge-nest/" target="_blank">Het BVD-dossier van de zussen Brilleslijper (&rsquo;t Hooge Nest)</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="cjtth" id="footnote-11"><a href="#footnote-marker-11-1">^</a> <cite>Rob Groenewoud, &ldquo;Bij de kwartierstaat van Rebekka Brilleslijper&rdquo;, in:&nbsp;Misjpoge, 21 (2008) 4, p. 135-136.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="d91kg" id="footnote-12"><a href="#footnote-marker-12-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, AFC, reg. code OFA_085: Briefwisseling van Otto Frank met Lin Jaldati, 30 november 1964 t/m 20 februari 1965.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="trrs7" id="footnote-13"><a href="#footnote-marker-13-1">^</a> <cite>Roxane van Iperen, &rsquo;t Hooge Nest, Amsterdam: Lebowski Publishers, 2018. English edition: The sisters of Auschwitz: the true story of two Jewish sisters&#39; resistance in the heart of nazi territory, Amsterdam: Seven Dials, 2019.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="aynmj" id="footnote-14"><a href="#footnote-marker-14-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): Archiefkaart R. Brilleslijper; Rob Groenewoud, &ldquo;Bij de kwartierstaat van Rebekka Brilleslijper&rdquo;. Voor haar levensverhaal, zie: Lin Jaldati en Eberhard Rebling, Lied van verzet. Het bijzondere levensverhaal van twee bewoners van &#39;t Hooge Nest, Amsterdam: Boom, 2024.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="yuaj9" id="footnote-15"><a href="#footnote-marker-15-1">^</a> <cite>HGA, Digitale Stamboom Den Haag: Gezinskaart R. Brilleslijper.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="pxrc3" id="footnote-16"><a href="#footnote-marker-16-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, p. 70-71.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="po3g2" id="footnote-17"><a href="#footnote-marker-17-1">^</a> <cite>SAA, Dienst Bevolkingsregister, Archiefkaarten (toegangsnummer 30238): <a href="https://archief.amsterdam/indexen/deeds/98533408-bd2e-56a3-e053-b784100ade19" target="_blank">Archiefkaart Rebekka&nbsp;Brilleslijper</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
</div>

<div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
</div>

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henk_Wanink_1930-1939_Lin_Jaldati.jpg

Lin Jaldati

Lien Brilleslijper, Den Haag, rond 1938

Rebekka 'Lientje' Brilleslijper was the older sister of Jannie Brilleslijper. They were on the same transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau as the Frank family.

Lien Brilleslijper was de oudere zus van Jannie Brilleslijper. Zij zaten in in hetzelfde transport als de familie Frank naar Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Lien Brilleslijper

Rose (Roosje) van Gelder was born on 9 June 1921 in The Hague as the second daughter to the Jewish Mozes van Gelder (1887&ndash;1943) and Judith Cohen (1883&ndash;1943). She grew up with her elder sister Elisabeth (1920-1943), her younger sister Rozetta (1924-1943) and her younger&nbsp; brother Hartog (1926-1944).<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> The family lived on Oranjeplein 2 in The Hague.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 20 December 1942, Rose married Sally (Sal) Bernard de Liema (1914-2004), who would later become close with Otto Frank in Auschwitz-I.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a> With her husband, she took a room in the house of acquaintances.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

On 4 January 1943, Rose&#39;s parents, sisters and younger brother were picked up at home and deported to Camp Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

Rose and here husband Sal were picked up on 10 April 1943 and detained. With the help of friends, they managed to be released. The couple went into hiding on 23 April 1943. They stayed at different addresses and lived in hiding in the home of Mem Diependaal from April to 5 August 1944, when they were discovered and arrested.

<h1>Concentration camps</h1>

Via the Arnhem prison, Rose and her husband arrived in Camp Westerbork on 11 August 1944. Just like the eight people from the Secret Annex, they stayed in prison barracks 67 and were put to work in the battery dismantling centre.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> In an interview with the Anne Frank Stichting, Rose reminisced about singing songs in the prison barracks with the Van Pels family and Frank family.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>

On 3 September 1944, Rose and her husband were deported to Auschwitz, together with the eight people from the Secret Annex and 1009 others.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a> After the selections, Rose kept close to Edith, Margot and Anne Frank in Auschwitz-Birkenau.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a> She remembered that Anne had contracted a skin disease and had been sent to the&nbsp;scabies barracks. According to Rose, Margot pretended to suffer from the same disease in order to keep Anne company.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

On 26 oktober 1944, about one hundred women were selected to work in Liebau and Kratzau.<a href="#footnote-11" id="footnote-marker-11-1" rel="footnote">[11]</a> Rose was one of them and ended up in Libau. There she had to manufacture skid chains for military vehicles. She was liberated from Liebau on 7 May 1945. <a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-2" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

<h1>After liberation</h1>

On 30 June 1945, Rose was reunited with her husband Sal, who had survived Auschwitz, just like Otto Frank. On 2 September 1950, the couple emigrated to the United States with their two children.<a href="#footnote-12" id="footnote-marker-12-1" rel="footnote">[12]</a> There, Roosje changed her name to Rose and added Judy as as her second name.<a href="#footnote-13" id="footnote-marker-13-1" rel="footnote">[13]</a>

Source personal data.<a href="#footnote-14" id="footnote-marker-14-1" rel="footnote">[14]</a>

<div>
<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="1ej54" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Haags Gemeentearchief (HGA), Haags Bevolkingsregister. Gezinskaarten (toegang 0345-01-555),<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.12124/FA5B6767AE6444ADBADC801076697845" target="_blank"> inv. nr. 555</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lvamd" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Rose De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember. A mother writes to her children, eigen beheer, 1982, p. 8.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="4e8ql" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember, p. 28-29.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ef9in" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember,&nbsp;p. 18-19.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="8r9sb" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Haar ouders en zus en zusje werden vermoord in concentratie- en vernietigingskamp Auschwitz in februari 1944. Haar broertje Hartog stierf op 30 juni 1944 in midden-Europa. Zie onder meer: Joods Monument:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/143513/mozes-van-gelder" target="_blank">Mozes van Gelder</a>;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/143509/hartog-van-gelder" target="_blank">Hartog van Gelder</a>; Arolsen Archives - International Center on Nazi Persecution, Bad Arolsen, Joodsche Raad Kaart Mozes van Gelder, <a href="https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/de/search/person/130291755?s=van%20Gelder&amp;t=2574926&amp;p=19" target="_blank">Document ID: 130291755</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="z5s94" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Arolsen Archives, Joodsche Raad Kaart Roosje De Liema - van Gelder, <a href="https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/de/document/130333840" target="_blank">Document ID 130333840</a>; De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember, p. 27.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="a8mku" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose De Liema &ndash; van Gelder, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="c6ygx" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Op de transportlijst van het transport op 3 september 1944 staan in het totaal 1019 mensen. Van het transport werden 347 mensen meteen bij aankomst in de gaskamer vermoord. Zie Bas von Benda Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen, Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 154; Arolsen Archies, Joodsche Raad Kaart Roosje De Liema - van Gelder.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ostrs" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Arolsen Archives, Joodsche Raad Kaart Roosje De Liema - van Gelder; De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember, p. 27-28.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="rpq8t" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-10-2">b</a> <cite>De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember, p. 28.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="qqzzy" id="footnote-11"><a href="#footnote-marker-11-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis, p.&nbsp; 208.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="5ygmm" id="footnote-12"><a href="#footnote-marker-12-1">^</a> <cite>De Liema-van Gelder, So you will remember, p. 28, 33.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="gfxr7" id="footnote-13"><a href="#footnote-marker-13-1">^</a> <cite>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Interview met Rose Judy de Liema, 10 oktober 1993,<a href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn512053" target="_blank"> Accession Number: 2000.91.68 | RG Number: RG-50.493.0068</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="nwqxu" id="footnote-14"><a href="#footnote-marker-14-1">^</a> <cite>HGA, Haags Bevolkingsregister, Gezinskaarten (toegang 0354-01.555), inv. nr. 555: Gezinskaart Mozes van Gelder; Find a Grave:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/190415242/rose-judy-de_liema" target="_blank">Rose Judy de Liema</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>
</div>

Roos en Sal de Liema tijdens hun huwelijk, 20 december 1942. Om de sterren op hun kleding te verbergen hebben ze corsages opgespeld.

B_Getuigen_III_069

Roos en Sal de Liema, tijdens hun huwelijk, 20 december 1942

Rose De Liema - van Gelder stayed in prison barracks 67 at Camp Westerbork with the eight people from the Secret Annex. In Auschwitz-Birkenau, she lived near Edith, Margot and Anne Frank.

Rose De Liema - van Gelder zat samen met de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in strafbarak 67 in kamp Westerbork. In Auschwitz-Birkenau verbleef ze dichtbij Edith, Margot en Anne Frank.

Rose Judy De Liema - van Gelder

Sally (Sal) Bernard De Liema was born on 14 February 1914 in The Hague.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;He had two brothers and one sister. His father Benjamin De Liema had a wholesale business&nbsp;in toiletries, leather goods and household items, where Sal came to be employed.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 20 December 1942 he married Roosje (Rose) van Gelder (1921-2014).<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Sal and his wife Rose were taken from their home on 10 April 1943 and imprisoned. With the help of friends they managed to get released, after which the couple decided to go into hiding on 23 April 1943. They first&nbsp;went into hiding at different addresses and stayed at Mem Diependaal&#39;s house from April to 5 August&nbsp;1944 until they were discovered and arrested there.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-2" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

On 11 August 1944, Sal De Liema and his wife arrived at camp Westerbork camp. There, like the eight people from the Secret Annex, they stayed in penal barrack 67 and were forced to work in&nbsp;the battery scrapyard. On 3 September 1944, he and his wife were deported, just like the eight from the Secret Annex, to Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-2" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

<h1>Saving the mind</h1>

Once they arrived at Auschwitz, the men were separated from the women and Sal De Liema survived the selection for the gas chamber. Like the men from the Secret Annex, he ended up in camp Auschwitz-I where he had to do forced labor. De Liema stayed in the same block as Otto Frank and quickly became good friends with him.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

In an interview with documentary maker Jon Blair in 1995, Sal De Liema talked about his experiences in Auschwitz and his friendship with Otto. He said that during the first week the men could only talk about the horrors of the camp, but soon decided to stop:

<blockquote>&ldquo;The close bond with Otto Frank arose when I had already been here for at least a week. Of course, all people talked about were the crematoria and the lack of food and clothes. But talking about it didn&#39;t help. It actually made it worse. And then Mr. Frank found me and I found Mr. Frank and we said, &#39;We have to stop this because we&#39;re going crazy if we keep talking about food and clothes. We cannot change what happens to our bodies&#39;&nbsp;&ndash; because we knew our bodies were deteriorating every day &ndash; &#39;but let us try to save our minds.&#39;&rdquo;<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a></blockquote>

To cope with the enormous psychological pressure and constant fear, Otto and Sal talked about art and culture::

<blockquote>&ldquo;Let&#39;s say: do you remember the melody of Beethoven&#39;s 9th Symphony? And then we started singing it to each other. Just to escape the fear, to think about something else for a while. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt: &#39;[...] Have you ever been to the Rijksmuseum?&#39; [...] And I really think that helped&rsquo;&quot;<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a></blockquote>

In the interview, Sal De Liema talked extensively about the horrors he and Otto experienced in the camp. For example, he remembered how he and a group of other prisoners, including Otto Frank, were chased naked into a scorching shower room on a freezing day. Two guards with whips chased the prisoners into the room with hot steam. It was so hot and cramped that De Liema fainted and could only just be kept on his feet by his friends:

<blockquote>&quot;The water was so hot, unbelievable. In the first 10 to 15 seconds we didn&#39;t feel it much because we were all frozen. [...] But after about 10 seconds you wanted to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and it was like a circus. [...] Apparently I fainted then. They told me that afterwards, I didn&#39;t realize it myself. It only lasted a few minutes, but they knew I was in grave danger. Because if they found someone on the ground, they just threw him into the fire.&quot;<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a></blockquote>

Another time, De Liema, Otto and other prisoners were instructed to make frog jumps in their underpants. The prisoners regularly fell, causing the guards to beat them with a whip to get them back on their feet.

<h1>Liberation</h1>

In January 1945, De Liema became seriously ill with Durchfall (diarrhea) and lost sight of Otto Frank. Although De Liema was initially sent on one of the death marches during the evacuation of Auschwitz, he managed to escape and hide in a barracks. Auschwitz was liberated on 27 January 1945. De Liema contracted mumps soon after the liberation and had to stay in Auschwitz to recover.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-3" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

After De Liema recovered, he helped out in the hospital for some time before arriving in Pilsen via Bistra. There he heard from Rozette (Ronnie) van Cleef (1921-2008) that his wife Rose was still alive and on her way to the Netherlands. From Pilsen, De Liema eventually flew to Brussels and immediately drove to The Hague where he saw his parents and brother again.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>&nbsp;A few weeks later, on 30 June 1945, De Liema was reunited with his wife Rose.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a>

On 2 September 1950, the couple emigrated to the United States with their two children.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-2" rel="footnote">[9]</a>&nbsp;Sal De Liema died on 22 June 2004 at the age of 90 in Mission Viejo, Orange County, California, United States.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

<div style="text-align:start">
<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="2bvee" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite><a href="https://haagsgemeentearchief.nl/archieven-mais/overzicht?mizig=133&amp;miadt=59&amp;miaet=54&amp;micode=0335-01.532&amp;minr=3577540&amp;miview=ldt" target="_blank">Geboorteakte Sally Bernard de Liema</a>, Haags Gemeentearchief, 0335-01.532 Nadere toegang op het geboorteregister van de gemeente &#39;s-Gravenhage, aktenr. 987, toegangsnr. 0335-01 Ambtenaar van de burgerlijke stand van de gemeente &#39;s-Gravenhage,&nbsp;Inventarisnr. 532.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="0bqiz" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-2-2">b</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-2-3">c</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="iie1f" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-3-2">b</a> <cite>Rose De Liema-van Gelder,&nbsp;So you will remember. A mother writes to her children,&nbsp;eigen beheer, 1982, p. 28-29.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="vpera" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 173.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="svyiw" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;[T]he close relationship with Otto Frank happened after at least a week being here, really, and all people are talking about was of course the crematorias, no food, no clothes... But talking about it didn&rsquo;t help. It actually hurt much. And then Mr. Frank found me, and I found Mr. Frank and we said: We have to stop this, because we are killing our brain here, to talk about, all the time about food and clothes. [...] We cannot do anything [about] what will happen to our body, and we knew our body was going down every day, but let&rsquo;s try to save our brain.&rsquo; AFS, Sal de Liema, Collectie Jon Blair, &lsquo;Anne Frank Remembered&rsquo;, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.3. Zie voor meer details ook USC Shoah Foundation - The Institute for Visual istoery and Education: Interview Sal de Liema, 25 april 1995.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="8eqos" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;Let&rsquo;s say: do you remember the melody from&hellip; the 9th symphony of Beethoven and then we start singing to each other. Just to get away from this fear, just to get our brain thinking about other things. We talked about Van Gogh, Rembrandt, [...] did you ever go to the Rijksmuseum? [...] And it really helped I think.&rsquo; AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, Anne Frank Remembered, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 24-25.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="hrvfp" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Origineel citaat: &lsquo;[T]he water was so hot, it was unbelievable. In the first let&rsquo;s say 10-15 seconds, it didn&rsquo;t bother us much because we were all frozen. [...] But after maybe 10 seconds you want to get out because it was so hot. But there were two German soldiers with a whip and they were going like in a circus. [...] [A]pparently what happened to me, I blacked out. Later on they told me, I didn&rsquo;t know. It was only for a couple of minutes, but they felt it was a danger, a great danger to me, because if they found somebody on the floor they just throw &rsquo;em in the fire.&rsquo; AFS, Collectie Jon Blair, Anne Frank Remembered, 1995 (transcript ruwe materiaal), 3.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="aqlgp" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Zijn zus Rozine Peekel-de Liema was op 19 november 1943 vermoord in Auschwitz. Joods Monument:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/148955/rozine-peekel-de-liema">Rozine Peekel de Liema</a>; AFS, Getuigenarchief: Interview Sal de Liema, 24 maart 1997.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lf2qf" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">a</a>, <a href="#footnote-marker-9-2">b</a> <cite>De Liema-van Gelder,&nbsp;So you will remember,&nbsp;p. 28 en 33.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="uymy9" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>Find a Grave:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8978575/sal-bernard-de_liema" target="_blank">Sal Bernard de Liema</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>
</div>

Sal De Liema befriended Otto Frank in Auschwitz-I.

Sal De Liema raakte met Otto Frank bevriend in Auschwitz-I.

Sal De Liema

Gevangen

Gevangen verwijst naar de gevangenschap van burgers in (concentratie)kampen en gevangenissen. Voor krijgsgevangenen gebruiken we 'Geïnterneerd'. Ook voor gevangen burgers uit Nederlands-Indië wordt de term 'Geïnterneerd' gebruikt.

Daily life in Westerbork camp was largely determined by work. Everyone in Westerbork between the ages of 15 and 65 had to work six days a week, ten hours a day.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;However,&nbsp;strafgevallen&nbsp;(punishment cases) were also forced to do punitive drills&nbsp;(for men) or compulsory gymnastics (for women) on Sunday mornings from six to eight o&#39;clock.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

<h1>Scapping batteries</h1>

Edith, Margot and Anne Frank had to work &quot;in the batteries&quot;.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>&nbsp;Scrapping batteries was dirty and unhealthy work. After work they went to the showers accompanied by the camp police force, the so-called Ordedienst (OD).<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> Most people had no soap to wash with. However, they did receive an extra ration of milk every day.

What the other people in hiding had to do is unknown. Rose de Liema-van Gelder &ndash; whose husband Sal would later become good friends with Otto Frank in Auschwitz &ndash; suggests in an interview that Otto Frank and Peter and Hermann van Pels were also assigned to the battery recycling detail.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>&nbsp;No other data has been found that confirms this, and it is also not clear from Otto Frank&#39;s own statements whether the men and women in Westerbork did similar work. Otto Frank only stated that everyone had to work and they were free in the evenings.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>

<h1>Daily routine</h1>

So we only know some general details about their daily routine in Westerbork. At half past five in the morning the prisoners in the punishment barracks were awakened. After washing, dressing, getting food and breakfast, they had to line up next to the huts in blocks of three by three at a quarter to seven. Escorted by the OD, they then went through the gate to the industrial barracks in the &quot;free&quot;&nbsp;camp. There they worked from seven o&#39;clock till noon. Then, accompanied by the OD, back to the barracks to eat (usually stew of red cabbage or turnip) and then they were taken back to work from two to seven o&#39;clock.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;They were allowed to converse with each other while working, but the OD strictly ensured that there was no contact with prisoners from other parts of the camp. You needed permission to go to the toilet.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>&nbsp;After work and a shower (for those who worked in the batteries), they ate bread in the punishment barracks.

In the morning and evening everyone had to report to the hut or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. At ten o&#39;clock in the evening everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two parts of the barracks was then closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="wb1um" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="spcon" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Jacques Presser, ndergang. Dee vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="tzsqk" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ersnt Schnabel, Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer B&uuml;cherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="i5b61" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van&nbsp;de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar&nbsp;Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de&nbsp;gevangenen werd verafschuwd. &#39;De joodse SS&#39;, zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder:&nbsp;Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="h8dnn" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="igo47" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas &uuml;ber Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xbcni" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="rf7yz" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Leny Boeken Velleman Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Het dagelijks leven in kamp Westerbork werd voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door werk. Iedereen in Westerbork tussen de 15 en 65 jaar moest zes dagen in de week, tien uur per dag werken.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;Maar strafgevallen kregen daarnaast op zondagochtend van zes tot acht uur ook nog strafexercitie (voor de mannen) of verplichte gymnastiek (voor de vrouwen).<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

Edith, Margot en Anne Frank moesten &lsquo;in de batterijen&rsquo; werken.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>&nbsp;Het recyclen van batterijen was smerig en ongezond werk.&nbsp;Na het werk gingen ze onder begeleiding van de Ordedienst (OD)&nbsp;naar de douches.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> De meeste mensen hadden geen zeep om zich mee te wassen. Wel kregen ze dagelijks een extra rantsoen melk.

<h1>Batterijensloop</h1>

Wat de andere onderduikers moesten doen is onbekend. Rose de Liema-van Gelder &ndash; wier echtgenoot Sal later in Auschwitz goed bevriend zou raken met Otto Frank &ndash; suggereert in een interview dat ook Otto Frank en Peter en Hermann van Pels bij de batterijensloop waren ingedeeld.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>&nbsp;Er zijn geen andere gegevens gevonden die dit bevestigen, en ook uit Otto Franks eigen verklaringen wordt niet duidelijk of de mannen en vrouwen in Westerbork hetzelfde werk deden. Otto Frank heeft hier alleen over verklaard dat iedereen moest werken en ze &rsquo;s avonds vrij waren.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>

<h1>Dagritme</h1>

Er is dus alleen in algemene zin iets bekend over het&nbsp;dagritme in Westerbork. &rsquo;s Ochtends om halfzes werden de gevangenen in de strafbarak gewekt. Na het wassen, kleden, eten halen en ontbijten moesten ze om kwart voor zeven naast de barak opgesteld staan in blokken van drie bij drie. Onder leiding van de OD&nbsp;gingen ze vervolgens door het hek naar de industriebarakken in het &lsquo;vrije&rsquo; kamp. Daar werkten ze van zeven tot twaalf uur. Daarna onder begeleiding van de OD&nbsp;weer terug naar de barak om te eten (meestal stamppot van rodekool of knolraap) en vervolgens werden ze weer teruggebracht om van twee tot zeven uur te werken.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;Tijdens het werk mochten ze met elkaar praten, maar er werd ook streng door de OD&nbsp;op toegezien dat er geen contact was met gevangenen uit het andere kampdeel. Om naar de wc te gaan had je toestemming nodig.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a> Na het werk en het douchen (voor hen die in de batterijen werkten) werd in de strafbarak brood gegeten.

&lsquo;s Ochtends en &rsquo;s avonds moest iedereen zich melden bij de barak- of zaalleider. Buiten werktijd konden mannen, vrouwen en families bij elkaar zijn. Om tien uur &rsquo;s avonds moest iedereen weer in zijn eigen gedeelte zijn, de deur tussen beide barakdelen werd dan gesloten en om kwart over tien ging het licht uit.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="wb1um" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga... : kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, Amsterdam: De Bezig Bij, 2014, p. 83-85.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="spcon" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Jacques Presser, Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945, &#39;s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1965, deel 2, p. 324-325</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="tzsqk" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden, Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, p. 76, 144; Ernst Schnabel, Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer B&uuml;cherei, 1958, p. 129.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="p89we" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Het bewaken van de gevangenen was vooral de taak van&nbsp;de Ordedienst, een ploeg die uit Joodse gevangenen bestond die daarmee hun deportatie naar&nbsp;Oost-Europa wisten uit te stellen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de Ordedienst door de&nbsp;gevangenen werd verafschuwd. &#39;De joodse SS&#39;, zo luidde hun bijnaam. Zie verder:&nbsp;Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork, Amsterdam: Boom, 2016.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="h8dnn" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stichting (AFS), Getuigenarchief, interview Rose de Liema-van Gelder door David de Jongh, 11 juni 2009.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="igo47" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>AFS, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070, Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas &uuml;ber Anne Frank, p. 4.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xbcni" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork, Hooghalen, Interview van H.J. van Collem door Guido Abuys, Schoonhoven, 5 juli 2000.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="rf7yz" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Leny Boeken Velleman Breekbaar, maar niet gebroken. Het verhaal van een Auschwitz-overlevende, Laren: Uitgeverij Verbum, 2008, p. 14.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Daily life in camp Westerbork

At camp Westerbork, the people in hiding had to perform forced labour.

In kamp Westerbork moesten de onderduikers dwangarbeid verrichten.

The people in hiding ended up in Punishment Barrack 67 after their registration.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> The barrack was separated into men&#39;s and women&#39;s sections, but after working hours the men and women could see each other.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

The punishment barracks were guarded by the Ordedienst (Order Department - OD) and were separated from the rest of the camp with barbed wire. Since the regime for punishment cases had been tightened in early August 1944, the prisoners were not allowed to receive visits from the other part of the camp, to visit the camp hospital or to send or receive letters or parcels.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Punishment cases were generally put on the next transport. This also applied to Anne and the other people in hiding, who were put on the 3 September 1944 transport to Auschwitz.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> They were given back their own clothes and luggage. When Anne Frank, her family and the other people in hiding were deported to Auschwitz, they had been in Westerbork for 26 days.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ziqa4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>&nbsp;Collectie Herinneringscentrum Westerbork (HCKW): Brief van Bram Asscher aan familie Tollenaar, 25 augustus 1944;&nbsp;Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 117266: Joodsche-Raadkaart Anne Frank.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="blol3" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 76.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="r20ru" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>HCKW: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="jvcjs" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

De onderduikers kwamen na hun registratie&nbsp;in&nbsp;strafbarak 67&nbsp;terecht.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> De barak was&nbsp;gescheiden in een mannen- en een vrouwenafdeling, maar na werktijd konden de mannen en vrouwen elkaar zien.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

De strafbarakken&nbsp;werden&nbsp;bewaakt door de Ordedienst (OD) en waren met prikkeldraad afgescheiden van de rest van het kamp.&nbsp;Sinds het regime voor strafgevallen&nbsp;begin augustus 1944 was&nbsp;aangescherpt, mochten&nbsp;de gevangenen geen bezoek ontvangen uit het andere deel van het kamp, niet&nbsp;op bezoek in het kampziekenhuis en geen brieven of pakketjes versturen of ontvangen.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Strafgevallen gingen in de regel mee op het eerstvolgende transport. Dat gold ook voor Anne en de andere onderduikers. Dat was&nbsp;het transport van&nbsp;3 september 1944&nbsp;naar Auschwitz.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;Ze kregen hun eigen kleren en&nbsp;bagage terug. Toen Anne Frank, haar familie en de andere onderduikers naar Auschwitz werden gedeporteerd, waren zij 26 dagen in Westerbork geweest. &nbsp;

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ziqa4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>&nbsp;Collectie Herinneringscentrum Westerbork (HCKW): Brief van Bram Asscher aan familie Tollenaar, 25 augustus 1944;&nbsp;Nederlands Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, dossiernummer 117266: Joodsche-Raadkaart Anne Frank.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="blol3" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 76.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="r20ru" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>HCKW: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="jvcjs" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, transportlijst 3 september 1944.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

The eight people from the Secret Annex all ended up in the Strafbarak&nbsp;(Punishment Barrack) after their registration in Camp Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> The punishment barracks were overcrowded by September 1944, with four to five hundred people per barrack. The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in Punishment Barrack 67.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

The barracks were divided into one half for men and one half for women. In the mornings and evenings, everyone had to report to the barracks or hall leader. Outside working hours, men, women and families could be together. In the middle of the hut was a distribution kitchen and through this kitchen you could reach the hut sections for the men or the women on the right or left. At ten in the evening, everyone had to be back in their own section, the door between the two sections was closed and the lights went out at a quarter past ten.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

The barracks in which people had to sleep had a washroom at the head with oblong sinks with taps above them, but only one toilet, which could only be used at night. Outside were small red toilet blocks with collective toilets (sometimes called &#39;the egg racks&#39; by the prisoners) for men and women separately, which could only be used during the day. The prisoners slept in bunk beds three high with straw mattresses. Sometimes the mattresses were missing. There were many complaints about fleas in the mattresses and bedding. In the middle of the barracks were tables at which people ate. It was so crowded that people sometimes had to eat standing up.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> Some prisoners lacked basic things, such as underwear, blankets, or toiletries.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> The eight people from the Secret Annex had been given time to pack their belongings, but many prisoners who had been rounded up unexpectedly had not been able to bring anything.

<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="0ueg4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>See: Wikipedia: <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafbarak_Kamp_Westerbork" target="_blank">Strafbarak Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="9bfhy" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holl&auml;nder (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-R&ouml;ttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="kqie1" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Herrineringscentrum Westerbork (HCKW), Westerbork, Dagboek Jacob de Swart, p. 24. Other sources sometimes mention different hours ((varying from 9 to 10:30 p.m.).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="bulbf" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Anita Mayer, Als ik Hitler maar kan overleven, Nieuwkoop: Heuff, 1990, p. 71.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="w7xnd" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>HCKW, RA 2022, Brief 9 juli 1944 van Greet Schoemaker-Lisser aan de familie R. van Sitteren. Greet writes from the prison baracks and asks for a blanket, underwear, a spoon, a fork, a knife and a towel.She arrived at the camp without anything. She leaves with the transport of 3 September 1944; HCKW, Jacob de Swart, Dagboek, p. 24.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

De acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis kwamen na hun registratie in Kamp Westerbork allemaal in de zogenaamde Strafbarak terecht.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> De strafbarakken waren tegen september 1944 overvol met vier- tot vijfhonderd mensen per barak. De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

De barak was verdeeld in een helft voor de mannen en een helft voor de vrouwen. &rsquo;s Ochtends en &rsquo;s avonds moest iedereen zich melden bij de barak- of zaalleider. Buiten werktijd konden mannen, vrouwen en families bij elkaar zijn. In het midden van de barak bevond zich een uitdeelkeuken en via deze keuken kon je rechts- of linksaf de barakdelen voor de mannen of de vrouwen bereiken. Om tien uur &rsquo;s avonds moest iedereen weer in zijn eigen gedeelte zijn, de deur tussen beide barakdelen werd dan gesloten en om kwart over tien ging het licht uit.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

De barakken waarin men moest slapen, hadden aan de kop een washok met langwerpige wasbakken met kranen erboven, maar slechts &eacute;&eacute;n wc, die alleen &rsquo;s nachts gebruikt mocht worden. Buiten waren kleine rode toiletgebouwtjes met collectieve wc&rsquo;s (door de gevangenen wel &lsquo;de eierrekjes&rsquo; genoemd) voor mannen en vrouwen apart, die uitsluitend overdag gebruikt mochten worden. De gevangenen sliepen in stapelbedden van driehoog met stromatrassen. Soms ontbraken de matrassen. Er waren veel klachten over vlooien in de matrassen en het beddengoed. In het midden van de barak stonden tafels waaraan werd gegeten. Het was zo druk dat mensen soms staande moesten eten.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> Sommige gevangenen ontbrak het aan basale zaken, zoals ondergoed, dekens of toiletspullen.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> De acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis hadden rustig de tijd gekregen om hun spullen te pakken, maar veel gevangenen die plotseling opgepakt waren, hadden niets bij zich.

<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="qz4tw" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie: Wikipedia: <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafbarak_Kamp_Westerbork" target="_blank">Strafbarak Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="9bfhy" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis, Den Haag, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holl&auml;nder (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-R&ouml;ttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="kqie1" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Herrineringscentrum Westerbork (HCKW), Westerbork, Dagboek Jacob de Swart, p. 24. In andere bronnen worden soms weer andere tijden genoemd (vari&euml;rend van 9 uur tot half 11)</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="bulbf" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Anita Mayer, Als ik Hitler maar kan overleven, Nieuwkoop: Heuff, 1990, p. 71.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="w7xnd" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>HCKW, RA 2022, Brief 9 juli 1944 van Greet Schoemaker-Lisser aan de familie R. van Sitteren. Greet schrijft vanuit strafbarak en vraagt om een deken, ondergoed, lepel, vork, mesje en handdoek. Ze is zonder spullen in het kamp terechtgekomen. Zij gaat mee met het transport van 3 september 1944; HCKW, Jacob de Swart, Dagboek, p. 24.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

In the Westerbork punishment barracks

From 8 August to 3 September 1944, the people in hiding were locked up in the Westerbork transit camp. As arrested people in hiding, they were regarded as punishment cases and were locked up in the punishment barracks, a closed-off section of Westerbork.

Van 8 augustus tot 3 september 1944 zitten de onderduikers opgesloten in het doorgangskamp Westerbork. Als opgepakte onderduikers worden zij gezien als strafgevangenen en opgesloten in de strafbarakken, een afgesloten deel van Westerbork.

Punishment Barrack 67, Westerbork Camp

Jews rounded up or discovered while in hiding are sent to barrack 67, a punishment barrack in Camp Westerbork.

Joden die zijn opgepakt of ontdekt bij onderduiken komen in barak 67, een strafbarak van Kamp Westerbork.

When the eight people who had been in hiding arrived in Westerbork, they first had to be registered. From 1944, when the groups of new arrivals became smaller and smaller, the registrations were usually handled in administration barracks number 34, where the inspection for lice was now also carried out. This was probably also the case for the transport on which the eight people who had been in hiding came to Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

First, a list of entry was made (Eingangsliste), the identity card and distribution documents had to be handed over. The prisoners were registered in the central administration (Zentralkartei) and they were given a Lagerpass (camp pass).<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> The Zentralkartei was the main administrative tool in the camp for forwarding transports. The Zentralkartei was arranged alphabetically-lexicographically, so that members of a family were listed together administratively. This is also how they ended up on the transport list, and how the eight people from the Secret Annex stayed together.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

<h1>Camp pass</h1>

All prisoners received a Lagerpass&nbsp;and were allowed to exchange a maximum of two hundred and fifty guilders per family for camp money. The rest of their money and valuables had to be handed in to Lippmann Rosenthal&#39;s department in the camp.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

<h1>Antragstelle</h1>

An important part of the registration process was the registration office, the Antragstelle, which was headed by German lawyer Hans Ottenstein. This not only took care of the registration of new arrivals to the camp, but also handled applications for provisional exemptions from deportation to camps in the east. Prisoners who met certain conditions were granted exemption from deportation on Ottenstein&#39;s advice. Prisoners were given a Sperre (postponement) in such cases.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> With few exceptions, the chances of strafgevallen&nbsp;(punishment cases), or &#39;S&#39; gevallen (&#39;S&#39; cases)&nbsp;obtaining a Sperre&nbsp;were slim. Whether Otto Frank and Fritz&nbsp;Pfeffer, based on their status as World War I veterans, nevertheless made an attempt to get their S status removed, we do not know: the cards from the Zentralkartei and the Antragstelle have not been preserved.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> But they may certainly have tried.

<h1>Medical examination</h1>

The registration procedure of the eight people from the Secret Annex ended with a medical examination. All men and women had to undress and were checked for contagious diseases and head lice.&nbsp;In addition to their luggage and possessions, the punishment cases had to hand in their clothes and were given blue overalls with a red inset shoulder patch, a white belt bearing the letter S to indicate &#39;punishment case&#39;, a yellow badge and clogs. The men were also given red and blue caps. This made them&nbsp;clearly recognisable as punishment cases.

Finally, they were assigned a place in one of the barracks.The eight people from the Secret Annex ended up in punishment barrack 67.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a> The next morning, the men were shaved bald in the barrack&#39;s washroom.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a> Otto Frank, Hermann and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer were among them. They wore caps from then on.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a> Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot and Anne Frank, like the other girls and women, kept their hair. Only women who had lice were shaved bald and then given a petroleum hood. From all available accounts, there is nothing to suggest that this was the case with Auguste, Edith, or the two girls.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="a1c7c" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="84u38" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Raymund Sch&uuml;tz, Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p. 33.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="5z4kl" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de Zentralkartei zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Sch&uuml;tz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="pbi2q" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="51rcq" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal,&nbsp;Als ik morgen niet op transport ga&hellip; Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,&nbsp;Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Sch&uuml;tz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p. 20.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="dgkp6" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p. 124.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zkrs0" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holl&auml;nder (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-R&ouml;ttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xoivi" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,&nbsp;Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,&nbsp;p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3jq1r" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel,&nbsp;Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,&nbsp;Frankfurt am Main: Fischer B&uuml;cherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, Westerbork, p. 8.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="map4c" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henri&euml;tte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Toen de acht onderduikers in Westerbork aankwamen, moesten zij eerst worden geregistreerd. Vanaf 1944, toen de groepen nieuwaangekomenen steeds kleiner werden, werden de registraties doorgaans afgehandeld in administratiebarak nummer 34, waar nu ook de controle op luizen plaatsvond. Waarschijnlijk was dit ook het geval voor het transport waarmee de acht onderduikers naar Westerbork kwamen.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

Eerst werd er een lijst van binnenkomst gemaakt (Eingangsliste), het persoonsbewijs en de distributiebescheiden moesten worden afgegeven. De gevangenen werden ingeschreven in de centrale administratie (Zentralkartei) en ze kregen een Lagerpass (kamppas).<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>&nbsp;De Zentralkartei was het belangrijkste administratieve instrument in het kamp voor het doorsturen van de transporten. De Zentralkartei was alfabetisch-lexicografisch geordend, zodat de leden van een gezin administratief bij elkaar stonden. Zo kwamen ze ook op de transportlijst te staan, en de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis dus bij elkaar.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

<h1>Lagerpass</h1>

Alle gevangenen krijgen een&nbsp;Lagerpass&nbsp;en&nbsp;mogen per gezin maximaal tweehondervijftig gulden inwisselen tegen kampgeld. De rest van hun geld en waardevolle voorwerpen moeten ze inleveren bij de afdeling van&nbsp;Lippmann Rosenthal&nbsp;in het kamp.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>

<h1>Antragstelle</h1>

Een belangrijk onderdeel van de registratieprocedure was het aanmeldingsbureau, de Antragstelle, dat onder leiding stond van de Duitse jurist Hans Ottenstein. Dat regelde niet alleen de registratie van de nieuwkomers in het kamp, maar handelde ook de aanvragen voor voorlopige vrijstellingen van deportatie naar de kampen in het oosten af. Gevangenen die aan bepaalde voorwaarden voldeden, kregen op advies van Ottenstein vrijstelling van deportatie. Iemand kreeg dan een Sperre (uitstel).<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>&nbsp;Op enkele uitzonderingen na was de kans op het verkrijgen van een Sperre voor strafgevallen (de &lsquo;S&rsquo; gevallen) klein. Of Otto Frank en Fritz&nbsp;Pfeffer op basis van hun status als Eerste Wereldoorlog veteraan desondanks een poging hebben gedaan om van hun S af te komen, weten we niet: de kaarten van de Zentralkartei en de Antragstelle zijn niet bewaard gebleven.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a>&nbsp;Maar zij zouden dit zeker kunnen hebben geprobeerd.

<h1>Medisch onderzoek</h1>

De registratieprocedure van de acht onderduikers eindigde met een medisch onderzoek. Alle mannen en vrouwen moesten zich uitkleden en werden gecontroleerd op besmettelijke ziekten en hoofdluis.&nbsp;De&nbsp;strafgevallen moeten hun&nbsp;kleren inleveren en kregen een blauwe overall met een rood ingezet schouderstuk, een witte band met daarop de S van &lsquo;strafgeval&rsquo;, een Jodenster en klompen. De mannen kregen bovendien een rood-blauw petje. Zo waren ze duidelijk te herkennen als strafgevallen.

Ten slotte kregen zij een plek in een van de barakken toegewezen.&nbsp;De acht onderduikers kwamen terecht in strafbarak 67.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;De volgende ochtend werden de mannen in de wasruimte van de barak kaalgeschoren.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>&nbsp;Dat gold dus ook voor Otto Frank, Hermann en Peter van Pels en Fritz Pfeffer. Ze droegen vanaf dat moment een petje.<a href="#footnote-9" id="footnote-marker-9-1" rel="footnote">[9]</a>&nbsp;Auguste van Pels, Edith, Margot en Anne Frank behielden, net als de andere meisjes en vrouwen, hun haar. Alleen vrouwen die luizen hadden, werden kaalgeschoren en kregen dan een petroleumkap op. Uit alle beschikbare verklaringen is er niets wat erop wijst dat dit bij Auguste, Edith of de twee meisjes het geval was.<a href="#footnote-10" id="footnote-marker-10-1" rel="footnote">[10]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="a1c7c" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Schriftelijke toelichting Guido Abuys, conservator Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork (HCKW).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="84u38" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Raymund Sch&uuml;tz, Vermoedelijk op transport. De Joodsche Raadcartotheek als informatiesysteem binnen sterk veranderende kaders: repressie, opsporing en herinnering: een archiefwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de herkomst, het gebruik en het beheer van een bijzondere historische bron, Masterscriptie Archiefwetenschappen, Universiteit Leiden Instituut Geschiedenis, 2010, p. 33.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="5z4kl" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Het Nederlandse Rode Kruis (NRK), Den Haag, 2050, inv.nr. 650, transportlijst 3 september 1944. De kaarten van de Zentralkartei zijn niet bewaard gebleven. Alleen de kaarten van de circa achthonderd mensen die bij de bevrijding nog in het kamp waren zijn bewaard gebleven; Sch&uuml;tz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p.25.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="pbi2q" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Collectie Westerbork, inventaris p. 40.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="51rcq" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Zie voor Ottenstein ook: Eva Moraal,&nbsp;Als ik morgen niet op transport ga&hellip; Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering,&nbsp;Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p.106-107, 177-200; Sch&uuml;tz, Vermoedelijk op transport, p. 20.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="dgkp6" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Boom, 2016, p. 124.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="zkrs0" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>NRK, Joodsche Raad Kaarten van Otto Frank (doss. nr. 118834), Edith Frank-Holl&auml;nder (117265), Margot Frank (117267), Anne Frank (117266), Auguste van Pels-R&ouml;ttgen en Hermann van Pels (103586), Peter van Pels (135177), Fritz Pfeffer (7500).</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="xoivi" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Is van Nierop en Louis Coster, Westerbork. Het leven en werken in het kamp,&nbsp;Den Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij en UItgevers Maatschapij, 1945,&nbsp;p.8; HCKW, verzameldocument over de strafbarak, Witness 195: Weinberg.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3jq1r" id="footnote-9"><a href="#footnote-marker-9-1">^</a> <cite>Er zijn meerdere getuigenissen die bevestigen dat de mannelijke gevangenen werden kaalgeschoren. HCKW, Hans Goudsmit, Vijf clandestiene brieven uit Westerbork van Hans Goudsmit aan zijn vrouw Gerry, brief van 13 juli 1944; Willem Willing en Edgar Weinberg (transport 4 september), in: Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, p. 108-109; Rosa de Winter-Levy, in: Schnabel,&nbsp;Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes,&nbsp;Frankfurt am Main: Fischer B&uuml;cherei, 1958, p. 129; Van Nierop en Coster, Westerbork, p. 8.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="map4c" id="footnote-10"><a href="#footnote-marker-10-1">^</a> <cite>Hoewel Hans Ottenstein later zou verklaren dat vrouwen in Westerbork wel werden kortgeknipt, wordt dit door meerdere getuigen expliciet tegengesproken. NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, 250d, Kampen en gevangenissen buiten Nederland, 731, Ottenstein. Vgl. HCKW, ra 1850, Interview Lies van de Kolk-Cohen door Guido Abuys, 2 november 1999; HCKW, Interviews Henri&euml;tte van Bekkum-Sachs, Sonja Wagenaar-van Dam, Goldstein-van Cleef, en B. de Brave-Schelvis; Edgar Weinberg, in: Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, p. 54-57. In petroleum gedrenkte doeken werden vroeger gebruikt bij de bestrijding van hoofdluis.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Westerbork functioned from October 1939 as a refugee camp for German-Jewish refugees who had come to the Netherlands, especially after Kristallnacht.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> After the capitulation in May 1940, the management of the camp remained in Dutch hands for the time being, but the regime became stricter.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

On 1 July 1942, the camp was officially handed over to the German authorities. Westerbork was now officially called Polizeiliches Judendurchgangslager under the authority of the Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst (BdS) and the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (rsha). From that date, the camp was part of the extensive system of German concentration camps and functioned as an important transit point for the systematic murder of Jews from the Netherlands.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

From 15 July 1942, over 100,000 Jews were shipped from the camp to concentration and/or extermination camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt. Sometimes stops were made along the way to drop men off at German labour camps. In addition to Jews, Westerbork also held Roma, Sinti and sometimes resistance fighters.

At the head of Westerbork from 13 October 1942 was camp commander ss-Obersturmf&uuml;hrer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In March 1944, Gemmeker was commissioned to make a film about the camp, in which he wanted to show how well and efficiently the camp was organised.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> This film shows a clear propagandistic picture of the functioning of Westerbork transit camp. Five months after the film was made, the eight people from the Secret Annex also ended up in Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

The last transport from Westerbork was on 4 September 1944. The remaining prisoners were imprisoned until the liberation of the camp on 12 April 1945.

<div style="text-align:start">
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="bhgdz" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>See the <a href="https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/" target="_blank">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>:&nbsp;.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="tykvy" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="inqv7" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, p. 59; Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Boom, 2016,&nbsp; p.27-62; Jacques&nbsp;Presser,&nbsp;Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945,&nbsp;&rsquo;s-Gravenhage: Aspekt,&nbsp;1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lvhar" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>The film was shot by inmate Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). The shooting started&nbsp; at 5 March 1944. The film is preserved in the <a href="https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten">archive of Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="geckc" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis, p. 73.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

Westerbork fungeerde vanaf oktober 1939 als een vluchtelingenkamp voor Duits-Joodse vluchtelingen die, vooral na de Kristallnacht, naar Nederland waren gekomen.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> Na de capitulatie in mei 1940 bleef de leiding van het kamp vooralsnog in Nederlandse handen, maar werd het regime strenger.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>

Op 1 juli 1942 werd het kamp officieel overgedragen aan de Duitse autoriteiten. Westerbork heette nu officieel Polizeiliches&nbsp;Judendurchgangslager onder het gezag van de Befehlhaber der Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst (BdS) en het Reichssicherheitshauptamt (rsha). Het kamp maakte vanaf die datum deel uit van het uitgebreide systeem van Duitse concentratiekampen en functioneerde als belangrijk doorgangspunt voor de systematische moord op de Joden uit Nederland.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Vanaf 15 juli 1942 werden ruim 100.000 Joden vanuit het kamp doorgestuurd naar concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt. Soms werd onderweg gestopt om mannen bij Duitse werkkampen af te geven. In Westerbork werden naast Joden ook Roma, Sinti en soms verzetsmensen vastgehouden.

Aan het hoofd van Westerbork stond vanaf 13 oktober 1942 kampcommandant ss-Obersturmf&uuml;hrer Albert Konrad Gemmeker (1907-1982). In maart 1944 werd in opdracht van Gemmeker een film gemaakt over het kamp, waarin hij wilde laten zien hoe goed en effici&euml;nt het kamp georganiseerd was.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;Deze film laat een duidelijk propagandistisch beeld zien van het functioneren van doorgangskamp Westerbork. Vijf maanden na de opnames van de film kwamen ook de acht onderduikers uit het Achterhuis in Westerbork terecht.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>

Het laatste transport uit Westerbork was op 4 september 1944. De achtergebleven gevangenen zaten gevangen tot de bevrijding van het kamp op 12 april 1945.

<div style="text-align:start">
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="6cwhx" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie de <a href="https://www.kampwesterbork.nl/" target="_blank">website van Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="tykvy" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Querido, 2020, p. 69.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="inqv7" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann, Na het Achterhuis, p. 59; Frank van Riet, De bewakers van Westerbork,&nbsp;Amsterdam: Boom, 2016,&nbsp; p.27-62; Jacques&nbsp;Presser,&nbsp;Ondergang. De vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940-1945,&nbsp;&rsquo;s-Gravenhage: Aspekt,&nbsp;1965, deel II, p. 295-296.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lvhar" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>De film werd gemaakt door kampgevangene Rudolf Breslauer (1903-1945). De opnamen begonnen op 5 maart 1944. De film wordt bewaard in het <a href="https://www.beeldengeluid.nl/verhalen/de-westerborkfilm-een-beeld-om-nooit-te-vergeten" target="_blank">archief van Beeld en Geluid</a>.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="geckc" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis, p. 73.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau imprisoned in Camp Westerbork

On 6 March 1943, Leo and Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau were detained and taken to Camp Westerbork. On 23 March 1943, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were killed.

Op 6 maart 1943 worden Leo en Rosa Röttgen-Rosenau opgepakt en naar Kamp Westerbork gebracht.  Op 23 maart 1943 worden ze naar vernietigingskamp Sobibor gedeporteerd, waar ze worden vermoord.

Clara van Pels imprisoned in Camp Westerbork

Clara van Pels is a younger sister of Hermann van Pels. On 17 April 1943, she and her husband Günther Neumann were arrested and taken to Westerbork. There, on 26 April, they were deported to Sobibor extermination camp, where they were murdered, presumably on 29 April 1944.

Clara van Pels is een jongere zus van Hermann van Pels. Op 17 april 1943 wordt zij met haar man Günther Neumann gearresteerd en naar Westerbork gebracht. Daar worden zij op 26 april gedeporteerd naar vernietigingskamp Sobibor, waar ze, vermoedelijk op 29 april 1944, worden vermoord.

Hans Goslar had a&nbsp;&quot;Albersheim declaration&quot;,<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> which allowed him to be exchanged by the British for captured Germans. To be available for this, he and two daughters were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 February 1944.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="tozup" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Joods Monument:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/735201/de-albersheimverklaring" target="_blank">The Albersheim Declaration</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Hans Goslar had een zogenaamde Albersheimverklaring,<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> waarmee hij de mogelijkheid had om door de Engelsen tegen gevangen Duitsers uitgewisseld te worden. Om daarvoor beschikbaar te zijn, werd hij met twee dochters op 15 februari 1944 naar concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen gedeporteerd.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="q06rz" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Joods Monument:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.joodsmonument.nl/nl/page/735201/de-albersheimverklaring" target="_blank">De Albersheimverklaring</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Family Goslar imprisoned in Camp Westerbork

On 20 June 1944, the Goslar family was rounded up during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid and taken to Camp Westerbork.

Op 20 juni 1944 werd de familie Goslar opgepakt tijdens een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid en naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht.

Familie Ledermann imprisoned in Camp Westerbork

On 20 June 1943, the Ledermann family was arrested in their home during a large raid in Amsterdam-Zuid. Their daughter Barbara went into hiding. They were deported to Auschwitz on 16 November 1943.

Op 20 juni 1943 wordt de familie Ledermann in hun woning opgepakt bij een grote razzia in Amsterdam-Zuid. Hun dochter Barbara is ondergedoken. Ze worden op 16 november 1943 naar Auschwitz gedeporteerd.

On 31 August 1943, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. She returned on 16 June 1945.&nbsp;Not much is known about her husband Max and her son G&uuml;nter. They returned in July 1945.

Op 31 augustus 1943 is zij naar concentratiekamp Auschwitz gedeporteerd. Ze kwam 16 juni 1945 terug.&nbsp;Over haar man Max en hun zoon G&uuml;nter is niet veel bekend. Zij kwamen in juli 1945 terug.

Margarethe Goldschmidt-Röttgen imprisoned in Camp Westerbork

Gretha Goldschmidt was a sister of Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. She was imprisoned in penal hut 67 in Camp Westerbork on 6 August 1943.

Gretha Goldschmidt is een zus van Auguste van Pels-Röttgen. Ze is op 6 augustus 1943 in Kamp Westerbork in strafbarak 67 gevangen gezet.

Familie Metz gevangen gezet in Kamp Westerbork

De familie Metz werd op 29 september 1943 met alle andere geïnterneerden in Barneveld naar Kamp Westerbork overgebracht.

Arrival and registration of the people in hiding at Westerbork

Upon arrival, the eight people who had been in hiding went through the registration process, before being housed in a punishment barrack.

Na aankomst doorlopen de acht onderduikers de procedure van inschrijving en registratie, om vervolgens te worden ondergebracht in een strafbarak.

The eight people in hiding met all sorts of familiar and new people in Westerbork who testified after the war about their encounters with Anne, Margot, Edith, Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste or Fritz. One of them was the then 30-year-old Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).

Rachel Frankfoorder had been caught on the train in the summer of 1944 with a false identity card and ended up in Westerbork.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> She remembered also meeting the Frank family in the camp&#39;s punishment barrack.

In Westerbork, Rachel Frankfoorder worked in &#39;internal services&#39;,&nbsp;scrubbing, cleaning the toilets and when a transport arrived, distributing&nbsp;clogs and overalls to newly arrived prisoners. It was a sought-after job and she remembered Otto Frank asking her to arrange a place in the cleaning team for Anne:

<blockquote>&quot;Otto Frank came to me with Anne and asked if Anne could help me. Anne was very kind and also asked me if she could help. She said: &#39;I can do anything, I&#39;m so handy,&#39; she was really lovely, a bit older than in the photo we know of her, cheerful and upbeat. Unfortunately, I had no say in that and told her she would have to talk to the barracks management. That was the limit of the attention I could give to that, of course.&quot;<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a></blockquote>

Anne eventually continued to work in the battery department.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Rachel Frankfoorder, like Anne, Margot and Auguste van Pels, would end up in Bergen Belsen from Westerbork via Auschwitz and would also remain close to them in those camps.

<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="r0g0o" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite><a href="https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>.&nbsp;geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lx469" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank&nbsp;(Hilversum 1988)&nbsp;106-107.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="h68f6" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen&nbsp;(Amsterdam 2020)&nbsp;81.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

De acht onderduikers ontmoetten in Westerbork allerlei bekende en nieuwe mensen die na de oorlog getuigden over hun ontmoetingen met Anne, Margot, Edith,&nbsp;Otto, Peter, Hermann, Auguste of&nbsp;Fritz. E&eacute;n van hen was de destijds dertig jaar oude Rachel Frankfoorder (1914-2012).

Rachel Frankfoorder was in de zomer van 1944 in de trein opgepakt met een vals persoonsbewijs en kwam&nbsp;in Westerbork terecht.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>&nbsp;Ze herinnerde zich dat ze in de strafbarak van het kamp ook de familie Frank ontmoette.

In Westerbork werkte Rachel Frankfoorder bij de &lsquo;binnendienst&rsquo;&nbsp;waarbij ze moest schrobben, de wc&rsquo;s schoonmaken en wanneer er een transport aankwam deelde ze klompen en overalls uit aan nieuwaangekomen gevangenen. Het was een gewild baantje en ze herinnerde&nbsp;zich dat Otto Frank haar vroeg om voor Anne een plekje bij de schoonmaak te regelen:

<blockquote>&#39;Otto Frank kwam met Anne naar mij toe en vroeg of Anne mij mocht helpen. Anne was heel aardig en vroeg mij ook of ze mocht helpen. Ze zei: &lsquo;Ik kan van alles, ik ben toch z&oacute; handig.&rsquo; Ze was werkelijk allerliefst, een beetje ouder dan op de foto die wij van haar kennen, vrolijk en opgewekt. Ik had daar helaas geen zeggenschap in en stuurde haar naar de barakleiding. Meer aandacht kon ik daar natuurlijk niet aan besteden.&#39;<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a></blockquote>

Anne bleef uiteindelijk in de batterijenafdeling werken.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Rachel Frankfoorder zou net als Anne en Margot Frank en Auguste van Pels vanuit Westerbork via Auschwitz in Bergen-Belsen terecht komen en ook in die&nbsp;kampen dichtbij hen blijven.&nbsp;

<div>
<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="r0g0o" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Zie&nbsp;<a href="https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/" target="_blank">https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/rachel-frankfoorder/</a>.&nbsp;geraadpleegd op 25 juli 2022.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="lx469" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank&nbsp;(Hilversum 1988)&nbsp;106-107.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="h68f6" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Bas von Benda-Beckmann,&nbsp;Na het Achterhuis. Anne Frank en de andere onderduikers in de kampen&nbsp;(Amsterdam 2020)&nbsp;81.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>
</div>

Meeting Rachel Frankfoorder in Westerbork

In Westerbork, the people in hiding met Rachel Frankfoorder. After the war, she talked about her encounters with them.

In Westerbork ontmoetten de onderduikers onder meer Rachel Frankfoorder. Na de oorlog vertelde ze over haar ontmoetingen met hen.

We do not know exactly how Anne Frank experienced Westerbork. However, her father Otto and some others did say something about this.

Otto Frank said that the stay in Westerbork was a relief for the children in a way, because they were no longer &#39;locked up&#39;&nbsp;and could meet other people.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a> Rosa de Winter, who got to know Anne and her family in Westerbork, described her as a personality, and according to Ernst Schnabel, Rosa de Winter said that Anne made a happy impression in Westerbork. She reportedly spent a lot of time together with Peter van Pels. De Winter also said that Otto Frank spent hours at her bedside when Anne was ill on one occasion and that Anne took care of a sick boy in the barracks.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a> Otto Frank told afterwards that his family had to work in Westerbork, but that they could be together in the evenings.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Anne had turned 15 on 12 June 1944, and in Westerbork children aged 15 and over had to work.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a> Rachel van Amerongen worked in Westerbork in internal services, where she had to: scrub, clean toilets, meet new arrivals from transports, hand out overalls and clogs. She said Otto Frank asked if Anne could help her, but Rachel had no say in the matter.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a> Several witnesses related that Anne and her mother and&nbsp;sister worked breaking up batteries: sitting at long tables, they had to split open old batteries with a hammer and chisel and then separate the different parts.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> It was dirty and monotonous work.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a> The advantages of this work were that you could talk to each other while working, that you got a glass of milk every day and were allowed to shower after work.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ito4n" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas &uuml;ber Anne Frank, p. 5.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="i8f84" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Ernst Schnabel, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p.129-130.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="mh6av" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. &nbsp;</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="8vrwv" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, <a href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2235052/126849_thesis.pdf" target="_blank">&#39;Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik &#39;s avonds naar de revue&#39;: kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</a>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: &nbsp;Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="kf4wc" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, 1988, p. 106-107.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3fu4s" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer,&nbsp;De laatste zeven maanden, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="7qq04" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer,&nbsp;De laatste zeven maanden, p. 70.&nbsp;</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ale3s" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, &#39;Als ik morgen niet op transport ga&#39;, p. 151, 255.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Hoe Anne Frank Westerbork heeft ervaren weten we niet precies. Wel hebben haar vader Otto en enkele anderen hier iets over gezegd.

Otto Frank vertelde dat het verblijf in Westerbork voor de kinderen in zekere zin een opluchting was, omdat ze niet meer &#39;opgesloten&#39; waren en andere mensen konden ontmoeten.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>Rosa de Winter, die Anne en haar familie in Westerbork leerden kennen, beschreef haar als een persoonlijkheid.&nbsp;Volgens Ernst Schnabel vertelde&nbsp;Rosa de Winter dat Anne in Westerbork een gelukkige indruk maakt. Ze zou veel samen zijn geweest met Peter van Pels. Ook vertelde&nbsp;De Winter dat Otto Frank uren aan haar bed zit toen Anne&nbsp;een keer ziek was en dat Anne zich ontfermde over&nbsp;een zieke jongen in de barak.<a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-marker-2-1" rel="footnote">[2]</a>&nbsp;Otto Frank vertelde&nbsp;naderhand dat zijn gezin in Westerbork moest werken, maar dat ze &rsquo;s avonds bij elkaar konden zijn.<a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-marker-3-1" rel="footnote">[3]</a>

Anne was op&nbsp;12 juni 1944&nbsp;vijftien jaar geworden&nbsp;en&nbsp;in Westerbork moeten kinderen van vijftien jaar en ouder werken.<a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-marker-4-1" rel="footnote">[4]</a>&nbsp;Rachel van Amerongen werkte in Westerbork bij de binnendienst. waar ze moest: schrobben, wc&#39;s schoonmaken,&nbsp;nieuwe transporten ontvangen, overalls en klompen uitdelen. Zij vertelde dat Otto Frank vroeg of Anne haar kon helpen, maar Rachel had daar niets over te zeggen.<a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-marker-5-1" rel="footnote">[5]</a>&nbsp;Verschillende getuigen vertelden dat Anne en haar moeder, zusje in de batterijensloop werkten: aan lange tafels gezeten moesten ze met een hamer en een beitel oude batterijen opensplijten en vervolgens de verschillende onderdelen scheiden.<a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-marker-6-1" rel="footnote">[6]</a> Het was vies en eentonig werk.<a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-marker-7-1" rel="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp;Als voordeel werd genoemd dat je met elkaar kon praten tijdens het werk, dat je dagelijks een&nbsp;glas melk kreeg en na het werk mocht douchen.<a href="#footnote-8" id="footnote-marker-8-1" rel="footnote">[8]</a>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="ito4n" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Anne Frank Stiching, Anne Frank Collectie, Otto Frank Archief, reg. code OFA_070: Bitte schreiben Sie mir etwas &uuml;ber Anne Frank, p. 5.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="i8f84" id="footnote-2"><a href="#footnote-marker-2-1">^</a> <cite>Ernst Schnabel, Spur eines Kindes. Ein Bericht von Ernst Schnabel, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag,1958, p. 129-130.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="mh6av" id="footnote-3"><a href="#footnote-marker-3-1">^</a> <cite>Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: Lagerbefehl Nr. 86 en 87. &nbsp;</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="8vrwv" id="footnote-4"><a href="#footnote-marker-4-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, &#39;<a href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2235052/126849_thesis.pdf" target="_blank">Als ik morgen niet op transport ga, ga ik &#39;s avonds naar de revue&#39;: kamp Westerbork in brieven, dagboeken en memoires (1942-2010)</a>, PhD thesis, Faculty FGw: &nbsp;Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis, 2013, p. 149.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="kf4wc" id="footnote-5"><a href="#footnote-marker-5-1">^</a> <cite>Willy Lindwer, De laatste zeven maanden. Vrouwen in het spoor van Anne Frank, Hilversum: Gooi &amp; Sticht, 1988, p.106-107.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="3fu4s" id="footnote-6"><a href="#footnote-marker-6-1">^</a> <cite>Onder andere Rachel van Amerongen, Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper, Bloeme Evers, in: Lindwer,&nbsp;De laatste zeven maanden, resp. p. 106, 70, 134.</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="7qq04" id="footnote-7"><a href="#footnote-marker-7-1">^</a> <cite>Lindwer,&nbsp;De laatste zeven maanden, p. 70.&nbsp;</cite></li>
	<li data-footnote-id="ale3s" id="footnote-8"><a href="#footnote-marker-8-1">^</a> <cite>Eva Moraal, &#39;Als ik morgen niet op transport ga&#39;, p. 151, 255.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Anne Frank in Westerbork

Anne Frank was imprisoned in Camp Westerbork for almost a month. She stayed in Prison Barrack 67 and probably had to work breaking batteries with her mother and sister.

Anne Frank zat bijna een maand gevangen in kamp Westerbork. Ze verbleef in Strafbarak 67 en moest waarschijnlijk samen met haar moeder en zusje werken in de batterijensloop.

Abraham (Bram) Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank at the Jewish Lyceum, wrote to his mother from Westerbork on 25 August 1944: &quot;Mama, do you know that Margot is here? That friend of Trees. You surely remember her don&#39;t you? She is with her parents and sister in the S. Very unfortunate!&quot;<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

Bram himself was in the &#39;free&#39; camp section and he was allowed to write a letter or two cards and receive parcels once every fortnight. The eight people in hiding did not have these opportunities because they were strafgevallen&nbsp;(punishment cases). Whether Bram himself saw or even spoke to Margot, who was therefore in another, segregated part of the camp, is not clear from the correspondence. It is one of the few documents about the Frank family&#39;s stay in Camp Westerbork.

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="mdus4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Abraham (Bram)&nbsp;Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank op het Joods Lyceum, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 vanuit Westerbork aan zijn moeder: &lsquo;Mama, weet U dat Margot hier is? Dat vriendinnetje van Trees. U kent haar zeker nog wel h&egrave;? Zij is met haar ouders en zusje in de S. Erg jammer!&rsquo;<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

Bram zat zelf in het &lsquo;vrije&rsquo; kampdeel en hij mocht eens in de veertien dagen een brief of twee kaarten schrijven en pakjes ontvangen. De acht onderduikers hadden deze mogelijkheden niet omdat ze strafgevallen waren.&nbsp;Of Bram Margot, die dus in een ander, afgezonderd deel van het kamp zat, zelf heeft gezien of zelfs gesproken, blijkt niet uit de briefwisseling. Het is een van de weinige documenten&nbsp;over het verblijf van de familie Frank in Kamp Westerbork.&nbsp;

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="mdus4" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Herinneringcentrum Kamp Westerbork, RA 1090, Bram Asscher aan familie D.L. Tollenaar, 24 augustus 1944; Eva Moraal, Als ik morgen niet op transport ga..... Kamp Westerbork in beleving en herinnering, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2014, p, 363.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Bram Asscher's letter from Camp Westerbork

Bram Asscher, a classmate of Margot Frank, wrote to his mother on 25 August 1944 that Margot was in Westerbork.

Bram Asscher, een klasgenoot van Margot Frank, schreef op 25 augustus 1944 aan zijn moeder dat Margot in Westerbork was.

Westerbork boulevard des miseres

De hoofdweg door kamp Westerbork. Langs deze weg lag de spoorweg en vertrokken de treinen, vanaf de zogenaamde 'Rampe', naar de concentratie- en vernietigingskampen in het oosten.

Westerbork camp

There were about 1,000 concentration and sub-camps and seven extermination camps. They were designed for the murder of millions of people, the elimination of political opponents, exploitation through forced labour, human medical experiments and the internment of prisoners of war. The camp system was an essential part of the National Socialist regime of injustice, from which large branches of German industry directly or indirectly benefitted.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

The people from the Secret Annex all ended up in various concentration and extermination camps:

<ul>
	<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>
	<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>
	<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>
	<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>
	<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>
	<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>
	<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>
	<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>
</ul>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="zk9o1" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp" target="_blank">Concentration camp</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Er waren ongeveer 1.000 concentratie- en subkampen en zeven vernietigingskampen. Ze waren bedoeld voor de moord op miljoenen mensen, de eliminatie van politieke tegenstanders, de uitbuiting door dwangarbeid, menselijke medische experimenten en de internering van krijgsgevangenen. Het kampsysteem vormde een essentieel onderdeel van het nationaal-socialistische regime van onrecht, waarvan grote takken van de Duitse industrie direct of indirect profiteerden.<a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-marker-1-1" rel="footnote">[1]</a>

De onderduikers uit het Achterhuis belandden allemaal&nbsp;in verschillende concentratie- en vernietigingskampen:&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Anne Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>
	<li>Margot Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen</li>
	<li>Edith Frank:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau</li>
	<li>Otto Frank: Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>
	<li>Peter van Pels: Westerbork,&nbsp;Auschwitz-I, Mauthausen, Melk</li>
	<li>Hermann van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I</li>
	<li>Auguste van Pels:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen Belsen, Raguhn</li>
	<li>Fritz Pfeffer:&nbsp;Westerbork, Auschwitz-I, Neuengamme</li>
</ul>

<section class="footnotes">
<header>
<h2>Footnotes</h2>
</header>

<ol>
	<li data-footnote-id="un3af" id="footnote-1"><a href="#footnote-marker-1-1">^</a> <cite>Wikipedia: <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentratiekamp" target="_blank">Concentratiekamp</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</section>

Concentration camps

Concentration camps is the collective term for internment facilities, usually in the form of huts, used to (forcibly) imprison people. Before and during World War II, concentration camps were used to imprison or kill persecuted people. They were also used for forced labour.

Concentratiekampen is het verzamelbegrip voor de gevangenenkampen, meestal in de vorm van barakken, die worden gebruikt om mensen (gedwongen) te verzamelen. Voor en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden concentratiekampen gebruikt om vervolgden op te sluiten of te vermoorden. Ook werden ze gebruikt voor de tewerkstelling van gevangenen.

Westerbork was the Dutch transit camp for the deportations of Jews in particular to the concentration and/or extermination camps Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt.

Westerbork was het Nederlandse doorgangskamp voor de deportaties van met name Joden naar de concentratie- en/of vernietigingskampen Auschwitz, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen en Theresienstadt.

Peter in Westerbork