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Évian Conference: no room for Jewish refugees

On July 6, 1938, American president Roosevelt organised an international conference on Jewish refugees from Germany. Thirty-two countries convened in the French town of Évian-les-Bains. Among the part...
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Refugee ship refused access

On 13 May 1939, the St. Louis left the port of Hamburg with 937 Jews on board, almost all of them Germans. They were headed for Cuba and believed that they had the right papers to be admitted. Two wee...
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Shelter for refugees: A camp near Westerbork

Tens of thousands of Jews left Germany and Austria for the Netherlands in the hope of escaping the Nazis. Many of them travelled on to other countries, but they did not always succeed. There was a sin...
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Jewish refugees in Amsterdam

After the Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) in November 1938, many German Jews fled to the Netherlands, but the Netherlands hardly allowed any of them in. The refugees who were allowed to stay...
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Jews are deported from southwestern Germany

On 22 October 1940, more than 6500 Jews from the federal states of Baden and Saarpfalz were assembled and deported to a camp in Gurs, in the south of France. It was the largest mass deportation since ...
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The Wilhelm Gustloff disaster

In late January 1945, the German Navy deployed the Wilhelm Gustloff to evacuate German military and civilian refugees from the eastern provinces of Germany (today’s Poland) across the Baltic Sea. Ther...
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Consecration of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue in Amsterdam

The Liberal Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam was founded in 1931. Its membership increased as a result of the large numbers of Jewish refugees from Germany. So, it needed space for its services. From ...
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The Red Army conquers Berlin

On 2 May 1945, Soviet troops occupied the Berlin Reichstag and planted the Soviet flag on its roof. It was the culmination of a two-week battle for the German capital. The military operation started o...
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The Gestapo deports Polish Jews to Poland

In October 1938, the Polish government announced that they would refuse to admit Jews without valid passports if they had lived in Germany for more than five years. Many Jews wanted to return to Polan...
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Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany

Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany
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Jewish children taken to England at the last minute

On 14 May 1940, at 7:50 pm, a freighter from IJmuiden sailed for England. On board the ship were 74 young Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria, who had travelled from Amsterdam earlier that aftern...
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Nazi leaders on trial in Nuremberg

The first Nuremberg Trial lasted from 20 November 1945 to 1 October 1946. Twenty-four Nazi leaders were tried for their crimes during and before the war. Not all top Nazis could be tried. Hitler, Himm...
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Antisemitic youth caught in the act of vandalism

On 4 March 1939, a few young men smashed the windows of the Committee for Special Jewish Interests. The stones had been wrapped in sheets of paper with antisemitic texts. The men had been followed by ...
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Otto Frank starts a lawsuit in defence of the diary

In early 1959, Otto Frank brought legal action against the German teacher Lothar Stielau. This right-wing extremist had written in his school’s newsletter that Anne Frank's diary was a forgery. After ...
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The first Belsen trial

The first Belsen trial started in September 1945. Forty-five people were tried by a British court-martial in a converted gymnasium. Among them were camp commander Joseph Kramer, other SS members, fema...
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The start of the Second World War: Germany invades Poland

On the morning of 1 September 1939, Hitler's voice was heard on the radio. He claimed that Germany had been attacked by Poland and that they had ‘started to fire back at 5:45 am’. However, his story a...
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Arrest and suicide of Heinrich Himmler

As the leader of the SS, Heinrich Himmler was involved in numerous war crimes. The murder of Jews, Roma and Sinti, and political opponents took place under his responsibility. In April 1945, when the ...
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The United States declare war on Germany

On 6 April 1917, American president Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany. Until that day, the United States had remained neutral. The declaration of war was a response to the submarine war that Germ...
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Kugler and Kleiman are sent to prison camp Amersfoort

After their arrest, helpers Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler were held prisoner in Amsterdam from 4 August to 11 September. They stayed in adjacent cells. Then, they were taken to the Amersfoort pri...
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The Battle of Tarawa

In November 1943, the United States launched a major offensive against Japan. They planned to advance to the Philippines and to oust the Japanese army from the islands. But Japan occupied countless is...
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